Heterogeneous effects of hospital competition on inpatient quality: an analysis of five common diseases in China

Health Economics Review

Table 2 The null MMMC model and estimates of hospital competition effect on in-hospital mortality

	The null MMMC model					The full MMMC model
	COPD	Ischemic Stroke	Pneumonia	Hemorrhagic Stroke	AMI	COPD	Ischemic Stroke	Pneumonia	Hemorrhagic Stroke	AMI
Fixed effect
Intercept	-6.12***	-5.46***	-6.26***	-3.09***	-2.36***
Intercept	(0.10)	(0.01)	(0.15)	(0.08)	(0.07)
Random effect
Hospital neighbor effect	9.06***	5.47**	18.98***	1.59**	0.19
Hospital neighbor effect	(1.02)	(0.77)	(1.89)	(0.29)	(0.26)
Hospital heterogeneity effect	0.75***	0.51**	1.69***	0.52**	0.43**
Hospital heterogeneity effect	(0.08)	(0.07)	(0.18)	(0.08)	(0.01)
Main Interest
\(\ln(HHI_i^{pat})\)						-0.34* (0.12)	-0.02 (0.12)	-0.37** (0.12)	-0.20 (0.14)	-0.06 (0.21)
Covariates						YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
N	259,010	146,488	112,402	32,891	10,293	259,010	146,488	112,402	32,891	10,293
Number of hospitals	1,590	1,309	1,031	436	183	1,590	1,309	1,031	436	183

Coefficient estimates (standard errors) are shown in the table. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AMI Acute myocardial infarction, N Inpatient sample size, HHI Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. YES, means that all models incorporated patient-level covariates, hospital-level covariates, time covariates and intercept. Patient-level covariates included: age and its square, gender, health insurance status, whether surgical procedure, admission source. Hospital covariates included: hospital level, whether public hospital, whether for-profit hospital, whether general hospital. Time covariates include: month (10,11,12), year (2017 and 2019)
^* p < 0.05
** p < 0.01
*** p < 0.001

ISSN: 2191-1991