Table 1 Overview on regulation on the supply- and demand-side.

Price Controls

Physicians

Based on:

Clinical practice

Clinical performance

Prescription guidelines

Economic performance

Education

Cost of existing treatments

Information

Cost-plus calculations

Monitoring/audit

International prices

Prescription quotas

Controlled price update

Pharmaceutical budgeting

Free Pricing

Overall budgets

Expenditure Control

Patients

Discounts

Cost sharing

Rebates

Information

Pay-back

Education

Price-volume agreements

OTC spending

Price freeze/price cuts

Pharmacies

Industrial Regulation

Generic substitution

Profit controls/Rate of return

Monetary incentives

Tax benefits

Claw-backs

Margins

Discounts