Table 2 Pharmaceutical Policies in six European countries.

Reference Pricing

X (since 1993)

X

X (since 1993)

X (since 2003)

X

Substitution Mandatory

X (since 2002)

X (since 1997)

X (since 2004)

Generics Price Control

X

X (since 2000)

Mark-up Regression

X

X (until 2007)

X (with a pause between 1999-2003)

X

X (since 2003)

Profit Control

X

Clawback

X (since 1998)

X (since 1997)

X (since 2004)

Tax Funded Health Care System

X

X

X

Cost-Efficiency Analysis

X (since 2002)

X (since 1998)

X (since 2005, but not compulsory)

X (since 2000)