Table 4 Summary Statistics of Patients by Delivery Modes, 1996-2004^a

Social-demographic variables

Age (S.D.)

28.15 (4.86)

27.55 (4.73)

29.63 (4.81)

29.07 (5.16)

Wage (S.D.)

17229.22 (16301.26)

17071.82 (16182.48)

17353.54 (16350.62)

17947.48 (17446.45)

Female physicians (%)

3,038 (0.14%)

1,967 (67.00%)

920 (31.34%)

49 (1.67%)

Female relatives of physicians (%)

57,999 (2.59%)

41,525 (72.74%)

14,879 (26.07%)

679 (1.19%)

Other women (%)

2,180,943 (97.27%)

1,409,325 (64.62%)

719,493 (32.99%)

52,125 (2.39%)

High SES women (%)

189,349 (8.45%)

124,257 (65.62%)

60,984 (32.21%)

4,108 (2.17%)

Low SES women (%)

1,626,311 (75.92%)

1,097,628 (67.49%)

500,320 (30.76%)

28,363 (1.74%)

Middle SES women (%)

426,320 (15.63%)

281,286 (65.98%)

136,593 (32.04%)

8,441 (1.98%)

Institutional characteristics

Bed size (S.D.)

489.21 (756.45)

474.53 (741.26)

482.69 (755.18)

391.82 (658.89)

Ownership

Public (%)

307,572 (13.72%)

203, 280 (13.48%)

100,074(14.43%)

4,218 (10.36%)

Private non-profit (%)

632,443 (28.21%)

430,669 (28.56%)

192,341 (27.74%)

9,433 (23.16%)

Proprietary (%)

1,301,965 (58.07%)

873,813 (57.96%)

401,077 (57.83%)

27,075 (66.48%)

Accreditation status

Medical center (%)

311,422 (13.89%)

206,992 (13.73%)

98,912 (14.26%)

5,518 (13.55%)

Regional hospital (%)

484,075 (21.59%)

334,758 (22.20%)

142,808 (20.60%)

6,509 (15.98%)

District Hospital (%)

632,326 (28.20%)

419,879 (27.85%)

199,946 (28.83%)

12,501 (30.70%)

Clinic (%)

814,157 (36.32%)

546,133 (36.22%)

251,826 (36.31%)

16,198 (39.77%)

Teaching status

Teaching (%)

987,515 (44.05%)

661,572 (43.88%)

309,998 (44.70%)

15,945 (39.15%)

Non-teaching (%)

1,254,465 (55.95%)

846,190 (56.12%)

383,494 (55.30%)

24,781 (60.85%)

Ob/Gyn characteristics

Ob/Gyn Gender (S.D.)

0.94 (0.24)

0.93 (0.25)

0.94 (0.25)

0.95 (0.22)

(0 if female; 1 if male)

39.49 (1.88)

39.47 (1.88)

39.52 (1.91)

39.53 (1.74)

Ob/Gyn age (S.D.)

39.49 (1.88)

39.47 (1.88)

39.52 (1.91)

39.53 (1.74)

Complications in c-section

Fetal distress (%)

54,670 (2.44%)

5,761 (0.38%)

48,276 (6.81%)

633 (1.55%)

Dystocia (%)

194,877 (8.69%)

15,430 (1.02%)

176,918 (25.51%)

2,529 (6.21%)

Breech (%)

136,817 (6.10%)

2,614 (0.17%)

133,516 (19.25%)

687 (1.69%)

Others (%)

203,273 (9.07%)

87,837 (5.83%)

112,592 (16.24%)

2,844 (6.98%)

Previous c-section (%)^b

313,812 (14.00%)

6,197 (0.41%)

304,262 (43.87%)

3,353 (8.23%)

Observations

2,241,980

1,507,762

693,492

40,726