Table 2 Characteristics of the studies included
Study, publication year, country | Costing year | Topic related to RMNCH | Perspective | Time frame | Cost | Costing approach | Cost items and description | Discount rate | Sample size | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As reported | Purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2012, given as international dollar (ID)* | Incidence/prevalence | Bottom- up/top-down | Retrospective/prospective | Direct cost | Indirect cost | |||||||
Bartick & Reinhold, 2010, USA [18] | 2007 | Breastfeeding | Societal | 1 year | US$13 billion/year with 90% compliance rate and US$10.5 billion/year with 80% compliance rate | ID14.39 billion/year with 90% compliance and ID11.62 billion/year with 80% compliance | Not clear | Not clear | Not clear | Disease-specific costs are obtained from the literature | Not clear | 3% | Not clear |
Buchner et al., 2007, the Netherlands [21] | Not clear | Breastfeeding | Health care | 1 year | €50 million/year for 6 months’ exclusive breastfeeding | ID47 million/year for 6 months’ exclusive breastfeeding | Incidence | Not clear | Not clear | Disease-related cost from the Netherlands | NA | 4% | Model simulation |
Ringborg et al., 2006, Sweden [23] | 2000 | Preterm birth | Not clear | 1 year | For LBW babies, mean cost €21,837/baby; for preterm births, €20,263/baby | For LBW babies, mean cost ID37,838/baby; for preterm births, ID35,119/baby | Not clear | Not clear | Retrospective | Only inpatient care cost | NA | NA | 336,136 live births |
Schmitt et al., 2006, USA [24] | 2003 | Preterm birth | Not clear | Hospital discharge | US$33,970/LBW child | ID42,308/LBW child | Not clear | Not clear | Not clear | Hospital care cost | Not clear | NA | Cohort of 518,704 live births |
Petrou, 2003, UK [25] | 1998–1999 | Preterm birth | Not clear | 10 years | £18,000 for babies of GA <31 weeks and £5,376 for babies of <37 weeks’ GA | ID18,604 for babies of GA <31 weeks and ID5,556 for babies of <37 weeks’ GA | Not clear | Not clear | Not clear | Hospital admission care | Not clear | Not clear | Cohort of 117,212 births |
Phibbs & Schmitt, 2006, USA [26] | 2003 | Preterm birth | Not clear | Not clear | Delaying delivery from 26 to 37 weeks will save US$206,000/case, and from 29 to 37 weeks will save US$122,000/case | Delaying delivery from 26 weeks to 37 weeks will save ID25,7045/case, and from 29 to 37 weeks will save ID152,230/case | Not clear | Not clear | Not clear | Inpatient care cost | Not clear | Not clear | 193,167 infants at 24–37 weeks’ GA |
Mangham et al., 2009, UK [27] | 2006 | Preterm birth | Health care | 18 years | £2,946 billion | ID2.10 billion | Incidence | Bottom-up | Retrospective | Inpatient and outpatient care | NA | 3.5% | Hypothetical cohort of 669,601 children |
Behrman & Bulter, 2007, USA [28] | 2005 | Preterm birth | Societal | Lifelong | US$26.2 billion | ID31.15 billion | Incidence | Top-down | Retrospective | Child cost and mother cost | Household and labor market productivity US$5.7 billion | 3% | Cohort of 23,631 births |
John et al., 2009, India [30] | 2004 | Tuberculosis | Societal | 2004 | US$311 million | ID35 million | Prevalence | Not clear | Not clear | Inpatient and outpatient care, medicine, diagnostics, medical appliances | Informal care cost, lost productivity cost | – | 73,868 households |
Rein DB 2000, USA [31] | 1998 | PID | Health care | 1 year; lifetime | US$1.88 billion for 1 year and US$1,167/case for a lifetime | ID2.64 billion for 1 year; ID1,643 for a lifetime | Prevalence | Bottom-up | Retrospective | Inpatient, outpatient, and STD clinic cost | NA | 5% | 1.76 million visits to clinic |
Yeh at al., 2003, USA [32] | 2000 | PID | Societal | Lifetime | US$1,060–3,180/person over a lifetime | ID1,413–4,239/person over a lifetime | Not clear | Not clear | Not clear | Only direct medical costs derived from the literature | Lost productivity cost | 3% | Hypothetical cohort of 100,000 |
Trent et al., 2010, USA [33] | 2009 | PID | Health care | 1 year | US$3,025/episode | ID3,237/episode | Prevalence | Bottom-up | Retrospective | Inpatient and outpatient costs | NA | Not clear | 152 individuals |
Owusu-Edusei et al., 2010, USA [34] | 2007 | Chlamydia | Third party | Per episode | US$141 for females/episode and US$157 for males/episode | US$156 for females/episode and US$173 for males/episode | Prevalence | Not clear | Retrospective | Hospital care cost | NA | Not clear | 7,301 male, 26,313 female cases |
Blandford & Gift, 2006, USA [35] | 2001 | Reproductive health | Not clear | Lifetime | US$130 per chlamydia infection and US$649 per PID | ID168 per chlamydia infection and ID841 per PID | Not clear | Not clear | Not clear | NA | Productivity lost, days (HCA) | 3% | Monte Carlo simulation |
Pultorak et al., 2009, USA [36] | 2007 | STI | Health care | 2 years | US$69.7 million for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis | ID77.18 million for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis | Incidence | Not clear | Not clear | From the literature | NA | No discount | Not clear |
Chesson et al., 2004, USA [37] | 2000 | STDs | Health care | 1 year | US$6.5 billion in 2006 | ID8.66 billion | Incidence | Bottom-up | Not clear | From the literature | NA | 3% | Not clear |
Hoy et al., 2009, USA [39] | 2004 | Genital warts | Third party payer | 1 year | US$220 million | ID267.39 million | Prevalence | Bottom-up | Retrospective | Diagnosis, treatment, outpatient visits | Not clear | NA | 1,158 patients from a cohort & US census |
Hillemanns et al., 2008, Germany [40] | 2005 | Genital warts | Third party and societal | 1 year | €49.0 million third party cost; €54.1 million societal cost | ID49.53 million third party cost; ID54.68 million societal cost | Prevalence | Bottom-up | Retrospective | Outpatient visits, diagnostic test, hospitalization, medication | Loss of productive days, calculated as GDP/person/day | NA | Statistically extrapolated for the entire German population |
Insinga et al., 2003, USA [41] | 2000 | Genital warts | Third party perspective | 1 year | US$140 million | ID186.66 million | Prevalence | Bottom-up | Retrospective | Outpatient, inpatient, and pharmaceutical care | Not clear | NA | 1,919 patients and extrapolation |
Pirotta et al., 2010, Australia [42] | 2009 | Genital warts | Health care | 1 year | AUS$14 million | ID21.52 million | Prevalence | Bottom-up | Retrospective | GP visit, GP referral, and hospital care | – | NA | Extrapolation to the whole country |
Marra et al., 2009, Canada [43] | 2006 | Genital warts | Health care | 8 years | Can$8,295,101, or Can$1 million per year | ID11,402,469, or ID1.34 million per year | Not clear | Not clear | Retrospective | Inpatient care, physician time, nursing, drugs | NA | No discount | 39,493 incident cases and 50,634 prevalent cases |