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Table 3 Regression results

From: Pharmaceutical regulation in Europe and its impact on corporate R&D

 

Fixed effects

Random effects

 

Coef.

t

p > t

Coef.

t

p > t

MSEMA

3.850

1.92

0.058*

2.118

1.34

0.179

(MSEMA)2

−5.704

2.23

0.023**

−3.946

1.84

0.066*

MSROW

0.079

0.10

0.919

−0.867

2.42

0.015**

Employ

−0.106

1.83

0.071*

−0.111

1.93

0.053*

Salesgr

0.115

1.72

0.089*

0.098

1.50

0.134

Leverage

−0.063

3.88

0.000***

−0.058

4.14

0.000***

Tobin's q

−0.016

1.15

0.252

−0.019

1.46

0.145

Cash flow

0.024

0.72

0.471

0.006

0.28

0.780

Constant

−3.287

−5.74

0.000***

−2.789

5.73

0.000***

R2

30.7% (within); 12.5% (overall)

30.0% (within); 52.0% (overall)

Prob > p

0.000

 

Prob > chi

 

0.000

  1. Significant at 10% level (*), 5% level (**), and 1% level (***).