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Table 3 Estimated effect of national income (GDP per capita) on health expenditure per capita 1) in SEAR countries

From: Is healthcare a ‘Necessity’ or ‘Luxury’? an empirical evidence from public and private sector analyses of South-East Asian countries?

Determinants

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Total expenditure

Public expenditure

Private expenditure

FEM

REM

FEM

REM

FEM

REM

Constant

- 9.442(0.000)***

- 8.312(0.000) ***

- 7.838(0.001)***

- 7.837(0.000)***

- 22.029(0.000)***

- 21.34(0.000)***

GDP per capita1)

0.7293(0.000) ***

0.7255(0.000)***

0.412(0.004)***

0.449(0.001)***

1.128(0.000)***

1.101(0.000)***

Female population

0.1087(0.002)**

0.0864(0.015)***

0.068(0.091)*

0.067(0.100)*

0.323(0.000)***

0.309(0.000)***

Urban population

0.0240(0.001)***

0.0205(0.002)**

0.026(0.002)***

0.027(0.000)***

0.014(0.101)*

0.010(0.208)

Elderly population

0.0749(0.041)*

0.0634(0.089)*

0.206(0.000)***

0.192(0.000)***

- 0.301(0.000)***

- 0.288(0.000)***

Life expectancy at birth

0.0297(0.001)***

0.0323(0.000)***

0.054(0.000)***

0.052(0.000)***

0.029(0.009)***

0.032(0.002)***

Observation (N)

140

140

140

140

140

140

R2(R-squared)

      

Within

0.8651

0.8643

0.8752

0.8750

0.6859

0.6853

Between

0.4924

0.5093

0.2837

0.2974

0.4195

0.4462

Overall

0.5501

0.5666

0.3875

0.4005

0.4346

0.4590

F-statistics

161.61(0.000)***

-

176.66 (0.000)***

-

55.04(0.000)***

-

Wald chi2 (5)

-

686.58 (0.000)***

-

830.37(0.000)***

-

280.63 (0.000)***

Hausman test

Chi2 (5) = 26.37 (0.0001)***

Chi2 (5) = 13.11 (0.022)*

Chi2 (5) = 4.04 (0.5431)

  1. Notes: 1) Natural logged, ***, ** and * denotes significant at 1%, 5% and 10% risk level respectively.