Table 4 Estimated effect of national income (natural logged GDP per capita) considering three-year lagged sustainable income change as well as demographic structure and health condition on health expenditure per capita 1) in SEAR countries
Explanatory variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total expenditure | Public expenditure | Private expenditure | ||||
FEM | REM | FEM | REM | FEM | REM | |
Constant | - 10.579(0.000)*** | - 4.698(0.028)*** | - 9.009(0.000)*** | - 11.218(0.001)*** | -22.458(0.000)*** | - 2.669(0.310) |
GDP per capita1) | 0.918(0.002)*** | 1.862(0.018)*** | 0.684(0.058)** | 2.001(0.114) | 1.452(0.000)*** | 1.939(0.046)** |
Lag 1 of GDP per capita1) | - 0.062(0.834) | - 0.429(0.598) | - 0.155(0.668) | 0.007(0.996) | - 0.239(0.495) | - 1.221(0.224) |
Lag 2 of GDP per capita1) | - 0.034(0.734) | - 0.026(0.927) | - 0.012(0.924) | - 0.007(0.988) | - 0.057(0.625) | - 0.059(0.868) |
Lag 3 of GDP per capita1) | 0.036(0.640) | 0.009(0.967) | 0.022(0.816) | - 0.158(0.634) | - 0.016(0.858) | 0.217(0.395) |
Female population | 0.128(0.000)*** | - 0.005(0.915) | 0.092(0.035)** | 0.083(0.234) | 0.326(0.000)* | - 0.057(0.291) |
Urban population | 0.025(0.002)*** | - 0.025(0.000)*** | 0.030(0.002)*** | - 0.026(0.000)*** | 0.008(0.402) | - 0.025(0.000)*** |
Elderly population | 0.061(0.135) | - 0.234(0.000)*** | 0.197(0.000)*** | - 0.316(0.000)*** | - 0.319(0.000)*** | - 0.151(0.001)*** |
Life expectancy at birth | 0.018(0.139) | 0.005(0.680) | 0.038(0.012)*** | - 0.015(0.421) | 0.036(0.014)*** | 0.054(0.000)*** |
Observation (N) | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 | 125 |
R2(R-squared) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Within | 0.8548 | 0.3816 | 0.8542 | 0.2026 | 0.6807 | 0.3627 |
Between | 0.4869 | 0.8485 | 0.2897 | 0.7167 | 0.4507 | 0.7119 |
Overall | 0.5363 | 0.8037 | 0.3936 | 0.7091 | 0.4500 | 0.6629 |
F-statistics | 79.46(0.000)*** | - | 79.08 (0.000)*** | - | 28.78(0.000)*** | - |
Wald chi2 (5) | - | 475.01(0.000)*** | - | 282.81(0.000)*** | - | 228.11(0.000)*** |
Hausman test | Chi2 (8) =102.88 (0.000)*** | Chi2 (8) =108.51 (0.000)*** | Chi2 (8) =104.02 (0.000)*** | |||