Author/Year/(Country) | Intervention components | Target/Age group | Setting | Study design | Perspective, time horizon, discounting | Measure of effects | Price Year/Currency unit, considered cost categories | Result [in 2011 US$]* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brown et al. 2007 (USA) [23] | Physical activity, nutrition | Children, grades three, four and five, 8–11 years | School | CUA, using a model approach (calculating additional benefit) | Society, modeling over a 25-year period, costs and benefits at 3 % | Cases of adult overweight prevented (40–64 years), QALYs saved | 2004, US$, intervention costs, avoided treatment costs, avoided productivity loss costs | Cost per QALY saved = US$ 900 [US$ 1072.52], Net benefit = US$ 68,125 [US$ 81,183.60] |
Kesztyüs et al. 2011 (GER) [26] | Health education, physical activity breaks, and parent involvement | Children, primary school, second grade, 7–8 years | School | CEA, using intervention results | Society, 1 year, not stated | Differences in waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference, and BMI, | 2008, EUR, total intervention costs, intervention costs per child | ICER (WC) = EUR 11.11 [US$ 14.67] per cm prevented |
ICER (WHtR) = EUR 18.55 [US$ 24.50] per unit prevented | ||||||||
Krauth et al. 2013 (GER) [28] | 3 additional PE lessons per week | Children, primary school | School | CEA, using intervention results | Society, not stated, not stated | Reduction in BMI, increase in physical activity | No price year, EUR, intervention costs, intervention costs per child per school year | EUR 619/child/year for significant results [US$ 789.54] |
McAuley et al. 2010 (NZ) [29] | Nutrition and physical activity | Children, 5–12 years | School/Community | CEA, using intervention results | Society, 4 years, costs at 5 % | Weight gain avoided, QALY | 2006, NZ$, no development costs, total costs | NZ$ 664–1708 [US$ 515.53–1326.1] per kg avoided weight gain (depending on age), no QALY gain reported |
Moodie et al. 2009 (AUS) [22] | “Walking School Bus” encouraging physical activity | Children, 5–7 years | School/Community | CUA, using a model approach | Society, lifetime, costs and benefits both at 3 % | Reduction in BMI, increase in physical activity, energy expenditure | 2001, AU$, total costs | Lifetime DALYs, Cost per: DALY saved: AU$ 760,000 [US$ 669,138.39] (net, gross: AU$ 770,000 [US$ 677,942.84]) |
- BMI unit saved: AU$ 87,000 [US$ 76,598.74] | ||||||||
Moodie et al. 2010 (AUS) [34] | After-school care for children from 3 to 5 pm including a physical activity program | Children, primary school, 5–11 years | School | CUA, using a model approach | Society, lifetime, costs and benefits both at 3 % | Reduction in BMI, increase in physical activity, energy expenditure | 2001, AU$, total cost | Lifetime DALYs, Gross cost per: |
- DALY saved: AU$ 82,000 [US$ 72,196.51] (net, gross: AU$ 90,000 [US$ 79,240.07] | ||||||||
- BMI unit saved: AU$ 8200 [US$ 7219.65] | ||||||||
Moodie et al. 2011 (AUS) [35] | Lessons, information evenings, promotion of the program | Children, 5th and 6th school years, 10–11 years | School/Community | CUA, using a model approach | Society, lifetime, costs and benefits both at 3 % | Reduction in BMI, increase in physical activity, energy expenditure, DALY | 2001, AU$, total costs | Lifetime DALYs, Cost per: |
- DALY saved: AU$ 117,000 [US$ 103,012.09] (net, gross: AU$ 125,000 [US$ 110,055.66]) | ||||||||
- BMI unit saved: AU$ 13,000 [US$ 11,445.79] | ||||||||
Moodie et al. 2013 (AUS) [30] | Interdisciplinary approach, including nutrition and physical activity and reducing screen time | Children, 4–12 years | School/Community | CUA, using a model approach | Society, lifetime, costs and benefits both at 3 % | Reduction in BMI, DALY | 2006, AU$, total costs | Lifetime DALYs, Cost per: |
- DALY saved: AU$ 20,227 [US$ 15,478.09] (net, gross: AU$ 22,978 [US$ 17,583.21]) | ||||||||
- BMI unit saved: AU$ 399 [US$ 305.32] | ||||||||
Peterson et al. 2008 (USA) [21] | Media campaign | Teenagers, 12–17 years | Society | CEA, using intervention results | Only program costs, not reported, not stated | Questionnaire, extrapolated to population: “contemplated doing more exercise”, “has done more exercise” | No price year, US$, development costs of the program and costs for “product placement” | Cost per person who did more exercise: between US$ 5.11 [US$ 6.68] and US$ 153.19 [US$ 200.12] for the individual sections of the campaign, US$ 8.87 [US$ 11.59] for the whole campaign |
Pringle et al. 2010 (UK) [24] | Activity classes, free swimming activities | Population (children 10–17 years) | Community | CUA, using a model approach | Key implementation and running costs, not stated, not stated | Change in MPA, QALY | 2003, £, costs/completer improving MPA | Cost per QALY gained |
- Activity: £ 94 [US$ 166.07] | ||||||||
- Swimming: £ 103 [US$ 181.97] | ||||||||
NHS savings per completer | ||||||||
- Activity: £ 769 [US$ 1358.59] | ||||||||
- Swimming: £ 2111 [US$ 3729.49] | ||||||||
Rush et al. 2014 (NZ) [37] | Multicomponent through-school physical activity and nutrition program | Primary school children, 6–8 and 9–11 years | School | CUA, using a model approach | Funder’s perspective, lifetime, costs and outcomes both at 3.5 % | QALY, increased life expectancy. | 2011, NZ$, lifetime costs, incremental costs | ICER/QALY (older children): NZ$ 24,690 [US$ 16,570.47], ICER/QALY (younger children): NZ$ 30,438 [US$ 20,428.19] |
Existing model used to extrapolate the effects and costs | ||||||||
Wang et al. 2003 (USA) [36] | Interdisciplinary approach, lessons, sport materials, wellness, teacher training | Children 6th–8th school year, 11–13 years | School | CUA, using a model approach (calculating additional benefit) | Society, modeling over a 25-year period, costs and benefits both at 3 % | Cases of adult overweight prevented (5.805), QALYs (4.13) | 1996, US$, intervention costs, avoided treatment costs, avoided productivity loss costs | Cost per QALY saved: US$ 4305 [US$ 6179.08], Net benefit: US$ 7313 [US$ 10,496.55] |
Wang et al. 2008 (USA) [27] | After school program: physical activity, healthy snacks, support with homework, and “academic enrichment” | Children, Elementary school, 6–10 years | School | CEA, using intervention results | Society, 1 year, not stated | % Reduction in body fat | 2003, US$, intervention costs, after-school care costs without intervention | US$ 417 [US$ 509.89] per % point body fat reduction |
Wang et al. 2011 (USA) [25] | Interdisciplinary approach, lessons, sport materials, wellness, teacher training | Children (6th–8th school year), 11–13 years | School | CUA, using a model approach (calculating additional benefit) | Society, 10 years, costs and benefits both at 3 % | DWCB avoided, QALYs | 2010, US$, total costs | Cost per QALY saved (DWCB and obesity combined) = US$ 2966 [US$ 3060.91], net benefit (DWCB + obesity) = US$ 14,238 [US$ 14,693.62] |