Table 2 Bivariate analysis

Place of residence

 Urban

418 (21.3)

61.3911***

254 (20.89)

37.5728***

130 (23.85)

5.3729**

 Rural

1544 (71.90)

962 (79.11)

415 (76.15)

Mother’s education

 None

1257 (64.07)

125.7010***

788(64.91)

71.9399***

331 (60.96)

17.6267***

 Primary

631 (32.16)

367(30.23)

173 (31.86)

 Secondary +

74 (3.77)

59(4.86)

39 (7.18)

Wealth quintile

 Poorest

1099 (56.01)

179.0416***

707 (58.14)

113.2899***

289 (53.03)

28.6886***

 Poor

414 (21.10)

241 (19.82)

108 (19.82)

 Middle

248 (12.64)

134 (11.02)

71 (13.03)

 Rich

130 (6.63)

96 (7.89)

47 (8.62)

 Richest

71 (3.62)

38 (3.13)

30 (5.50)

Sex of child

 Male

1093 (55.71)

23.3813***

679 (55.84)

13.4240***

335 (61.47)

28.1695***

 Female

869 (44.29)

537 (44.16)

70 (57.38)

Administrative region

 Western

90 (4.59)

192.5907***

55 (4.52)

154.9754***

31 (5.69)

60.7955***

 Central

234 (11.93)

134 (11.02)

60 (11.01)

 Greater Accra

46 (2.34)

28 (2.30)

14 (2.57)

 Volta

77 (3.92)

43 (3.54)

31 (5.69)

 Eastern

77 (3.92)

38 (3.13)

23 (4.22)

 Ashanti

103 (5.25)

57 (4.69)

30 (5.50)

 Brong Ahafo

70 (3.57)

38 (3.13)

12 (2.20)

 Northern

716 (36.49)

471 (38.73)

167 (30.64)

 Upper East

288 (14.68)

185 (15.21)

75 (13.76)

 Upper West

261 (13.30)

167 (13.73)

102 (18.72)

Child size at birth

 Very large

209 (40.90)

0.3193

140 (44.59)

2.1032

61 (44.53)

7.5255

 Above average

230 (45.01)

130 (41.40)

63 (45.99)

 Average

72 (14.09)

44 (14.01)

13 (9.49)

Health insurance

 Yes

999 (51.65 %)

8.4815***

586 (48.83 %)

18.4819***

253 (46.77 %)

16.8824***

 No

935 (48.35)

614 (51.17 %)

288 (53.23 %)

Antenatal care

 Skilled

466 (95.88 %)

0.0743

285 (95.00 %)

1.1382

129 (98.47 %)

2.2200

 Unskilled

20 (4.12 %)

15 (5.00 %)

2 (1.53 %)