Out-of-pocket expenditure by private households for dental services – empirical evidence from Austria

Health Economics Review

Table 2 Econometric results of the two-part model and one-part GLM

	Dental care expenditure
	Probability (Logit)		Conditional (GLM) ^a		GLM ^a
	Coeff.	Rob. SD	Coeff.	Rob. SD	Coeff.	Rob. SD
Household structure
Single person II	−0.287*	0.169	−0.005	0.048	−0.154	0.226
Unmarried couple	0.478**	0.194	−0.005	0.052	0.775***	0.266
Married couple	0.125	0.178	−0.068	0.053	−0.137	0.255
Empty nest	0.267	0.186	−0.005	0.049	0.107	0.259
Full nest I	0.390**	0.165	−0.075*	0.043	0.162	0.237
Full nest II	0.690***	0.162	0.008	0.040	0.496**	0.231
Married couple w/o children	0.464**	0.205	−0.081	0.057	−0.040	0.297
Single parents	0.011	0.189	−0.033	0.050	0.012	0.246
Degree of urbanization
Average urbanization	−0.041	0.095	−0.022	0.024	−0.019	0.136
Low urbanization	−0.135	0.089	−0.022	0.023	−0.287**	0.126
Age structure
Age 25–45 years	0.997***	0.315	0.062	0.116	1.343***	0.306
Age 45–65 years	1.301***	0.322	0.105	0.117	1.873***	0.321
Age 65–85 years	1.420***	0.341	0.035	0.121	1.861***	0.345
Education level
Other education	0.272**	0.132	0.089**	0.042	0.694***	0.174
Tertiary education	0.282	0.185	0.090*	0.051	0.832***	0.253
Insurance characteristics (public)
BVA	0.288***	0.095	0.028	0.025	0.323**	0.139
SVA	0.170	0.129	0.024	0.029	0.304	0.192
SVB	0.531***	0.205	0.066	0.045	0.668**	0.311
Private health insurance (1)	0.179	0.113	0.013	0.026	0.150	0.170
Private health insurance (2)	0.016	0.096	0.007	0.023	0.121	0.134
Other characteristics
Female householder	0.214**	0.095	0.028	0.025	0.121	0.137
Income (log)	0.235**	0.095	0.129***	0.026	0.466***	0.124
Constant	−4.795***	0.759	0.268	0.218	−2.684***	0.955
Observations (households)	5787		1384		5787

Notes: ^aGLM with log-link and gamma distribution. (1) corresponds to one adult of the household with additional private health insurance. (2) corresponds to both adults of the household having additional private health insurance. This also includes households consisting of one individual (single person I and single person II). Reference groups: single person I, high urbanization, age class 18–25 years, primary education, GKK, no additional private health insurance, and male householder. Significance levels: *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, and * p < 0.1

ISSN: 2191-1991