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Table 1 Description of previous papers and the input-output combinations used

From: No theory: an explanation of the lack of consistency in cross-country health care comparisons using non-parametric estimators

Author(s)

Inputs used

Outputs used

Estimator used

Number of countries used

Years used

Adams et al. (2011) [1]

1. Public Spending on Healthcare, % of GDP

1. Transformed Infant Survival Rate (ISR), where ISR is the inverse of the infant mortality rate (IMR), multiplied by the ratio of public spending to total spending on healthcare, both as a % of GDP

2. Transformed Life Expectancy (LE), where life expectancy is multiplied by the ratio of public spending to total spending on healthcare, both as a % of GDP

Input-oriented DEA

19 OECD countries

1980–2000

Afonso & St. Aubyn (2005) [2]

1. Inpatient Beds per 1000 population

2. Number of practicing physicians per 1000 population

3. Number of nurses per 1000 population

1. LE

2. Transformed ISR, where ISR is 1000 minus the IMR, which is then divided by IMR

Input-oriented DEA, Output-oriented DEA

24 OECD countries

2000

Bhat (2005) [4]

1. Inpatient Beds per 1000 population

2. Number of practicing physicians per 1000 population

3. Per Capita Pharmaceutical Expenditures

1. Percent of Population Aged 0–19 Years

2. Percent of Population Aged 20–65 Years

3. Percent of Population Aged 65+

Input-oriented DEA

24 OECD countries

1996

Gearhart (2016) [8]

1. Per Capita Healthcare Expenditures, $US Purchasing Power Parity

2. Educational Attainment (Years)

1. LE

2. ISR, where ISR is the inverse of IMR

Hyperbolic order-alpha estimator

27 OECD countries

1997–2006

González et al. (2010) [9]

1. Per Capita Healthcare Expenditures, $US Purchasing Power Parity

2. School Life Expectancy (Years)

1. Healthy LE

2. Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)

Value efficiency analysis (VEA), using Input-oriented DEA

165 countries, 4 income groups

2004

Grosskopf et al. (2006) [11]

1. Public Healthcare Expenditures, % of per Capita GDP

2. Private Healthcare Expenditures, % of per Capita GDP

3. Per Capita Gross Capital Formation

4. Per Capita Labor Force

5. Primary Education Enrollment Rate

1. LE

2. Under-5 survival rate (U5SR), where U5SR is the inverse of the childhood mortality rate (CMR)

3. Per Capita GDP

Output-oriented DEA

143 countries

1997

Kim and Kang (2014) [13]

1. Average Years of Schooling, Women Aged 15+

2. Public Healthcare Expenditures, % of government expenditure on health care in 2007 U.S. dollars

1. LE

2. Under-5 survival rate (U5SR), where U5SR is the inverse of the childhood mortality rate (CMR)

Input-oriented DEA

170 countries, 4 income groups

2007

Retzlaff-Roberts et al. (2004) [15]

1. School Life Expectancy (Years)

2. Gini Coefficient

3. Tobacco Use (Maximum of the percent of Male or Female Smokers)

4. Practicing Physicians per 1000 Population

5. Inpatient Beds per 1000 Population

6. MRI Units per 1,000,000 Population

7. Per Capita Healthcare Expenditures as Fraction of Per Capita GDP, $US Purchasing Power Parity

1. Life Expectancy

2. Infant Mortality Rate

Input-oriented DEA, Output-oriented DEA

27 OECD countries

1998

Spinks and Hollingsworth (2005, 2009) [22, 23]

1. School Life Expectancy (Years)

2. Unemployment Rate

3. Per Capita GDP

4. Per Capita Healthcare Expenditures, $US Purchasing Power Parity

1. LE

Output-oriented DEA

28 OECD countries

1995, 2000