Author(s) | Inputs used | Outputs used | Estimator used | Number of countries used | Years used |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adams et al. (2011) [1] | 1. Public Spending on Healthcare, % of GDP | 1. Transformed Infant Survival Rate (ISR), where ISR is the inverse of the infant mortality rate (IMR), multiplied by the ratio of public spending to total spending on healthcare, both as a % of GDP 2. Transformed Life Expectancy (LE), where life expectancy is multiplied by the ratio of public spending to total spending on healthcare, both as a % of GDP | Input-oriented DEA | 19 OECD countries | 1980–2000 |
Afonso & St. Aubyn (2005) [2] | 1. Inpatient Beds per 1000 population 2. Number of practicing physicians per 1000 population 3. Number of nurses per 1000 population | 1. LE 2. Transformed ISR, where ISR is 1000 minus the IMR, which is then divided by IMR | Input-oriented DEA, Output-oriented DEA | 24 OECD countries | 2000 |
Bhat (2005) [4] | 1. Inpatient Beds per 1000 population 2. Number of practicing physicians per 1000 population 3. Per Capita Pharmaceutical Expenditures | 1. Percent of Population Aged 0–19 Years 2. Percent of Population Aged 20–65 Years 3. Percent of Population Aged 65+ | Input-oriented DEA | 24 OECD countries | 1996 |
Gearhart (2016) [8] | 1. Per Capita Healthcare Expenditures, $US Purchasing Power Parity 2. Educational Attainment (Years) | 1. LE 2. ISR, where ISR is the inverse of IMR | Hyperbolic order-alpha estimator | 27 OECD countries | 1997–2006 |
González et al. (2010) [9] | 1. Per Capita Healthcare Expenditures, $US Purchasing Power Parity 2. School Life Expectancy (Years) | 1. Healthy LE 2. Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) | Value efficiency analysis (VEA), using Input-oriented DEA | 165 countries, 4 income groups | 2004 |
Grosskopf et al. (2006) [11] | 1. Public Healthcare Expenditures, % of per Capita GDP 2. Private Healthcare Expenditures, % of per Capita GDP 3. Per Capita Gross Capital Formation 4. Per Capita Labor Force 5. Primary Education Enrollment Rate | 1. LE 2. Under-5 survival rate (U5SR), where U5SR is the inverse of the childhood mortality rate (CMR) 3. Per Capita GDP | Output-oriented DEA | 143 countries | 1997 |
Kim and Kang (2014) [13] | 1. Average Years of Schooling, Women Aged 15+ 2. Public Healthcare Expenditures, % of government expenditure on health care in 2007 U.S. dollars | 1. LE 2. Under-5 survival rate (U5SR), where U5SR is the inverse of the childhood mortality rate (CMR) | Input-oriented DEA | 170 countries, 4 income groups | 2007 |
Retzlaff-Roberts et al. (2004) [15] | 1. School Life Expectancy (Years) 2. Gini Coefficient 3. Tobacco Use (Maximum of the percent of Male or Female Smokers) 4. Practicing Physicians per 1000 Population 5. Inpatient Beds per 1000 Population 6. MRI Units per 1,000,000 Population 7. Per Capita Healthcare Expenditures as Fraction of Per Capita GDP, $US Purchasing Power Parity | 1. Life Expectancy 2. Infant Mortality Rate | Input-oriented DEA, Output-oriented DEA | 27 OECD countries | 1998 |
1. School Life Expectancy (Years) 2. Unemployment Rate 3. Per Capita GDP 4. Per Capita Healthcare Expenditures, $US Purchasing Power Parity | 1. LE | Output-oriented DEA | 28 OECD countries | 1995, 2000 |