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Table 8 Complete estimation results of the 3SLS: Eq. (1)

From: On the interdependence of ambulatory and hospital care in the German health system

Specialist hospitalizations

Ophthalmology

Internal medicine

Paediatrics

Surgery

Urology

Specialist

0,251

−0,746

−0,751*

−0,918

1,660

Ambulatory Cases

(0,30)

(0,81)

(0,33)

(1,47)

(1,66)

GP Cases

−0,151

0,082

0,160

1,966***

0,200

 

(0,30)

(0,81)

(0,33)

(1,47)

(1,66)

Bed Density

8,972***

14,882***

6,794***

12,009***

10,503***

 

(1,78)

(1,08)

(1,09)

(1,26)

(1,61)

Male

−13,322

−251,611***

−49,505***

−55,089

16,414

Life Expectancy

(8,78)

(55,48)

(9,92)

(51,37)

(23,11)

Female

−13,904*

−252,349***

−7,400

−60,530

−26,399**

Life Expectancy

(6,87)

(47,11)

(10,23)

(37,80)

(8,51)

RSA Risk Factor

790,668***

9416,139***

59,333

235,517

16,951

 

(239,02)

(1217,78)

(234,30)

(1032,70)

(719,47)

Long −Term Care Recipients

−0,342***

3,882***

0,146

1,446*

0,389**

per 10.000 Population

(0,10)

(0,73)

(0,14)

(0,58)

(0,13)

Unemployment Rate in %

−1,748

−57,284*

−4,133

−10,953

1,093

 

(3,57)

(23,05)

(4,96)

(18,52)

(5,22)

Net Monthly

−0,026

−0,104

−0,133**

0,256

0,070

Household Income

(0,03)

(0,23)

(0,05)

(0,20)

(0,09)

Number of Large

26,504**

−42,441

10,944

−178,167***

−4,221

Regional Centres

(9,99)

(72,12)

(15,06)

(53,27)

(22,99)

Number of Medium

6,955***

56,546***

6,645**

21,394*

7,299***

Regional Centres

(1,55)

(11,04)

(2,08)

(8,94)

(2,00)

Highly Qualified

5,269*

2,472

13,874***

0,411

−0,910

Workers in %

(2,31)

(15,94)

(2,65)

(11,04)

(4,60)

Low −Skilled

−2,810

11,982

0,056

0,250

−1,716

Workers in %

(1,52)

(10,86)

(2,08)

(8,55)

(1,83)

Single −Person

1,040

−36,929***

−9,376***

−1,579

−5,070*

Households in %

(2,07)

(10,63)

(1,66)

(5,67)

(2,57)

Immigrants in %

−0,933

67,813***

10,472***

31,241***

5,143

 

(2,45)

(11,09)

(1,83)

(8,60)

(5,34)

Particulate Matter (PM 10)

−0,575

1,047

−3,085*

−2,290

0,724

 

(0,93)

(6,42)

(1,26)

(4,08)

(1,20)

Year 2007

−97,177

−341,588

41,458

971,194**

158,788

 

(65,13)

(343,76)

(84,38)

(344,37)

(234,79)

Year 2008

−62,836*

−78,042

126,807***

642,815***

94,521

 

(30,63)

(191,63)

(30,33)

(184,00)

(126,57)

Constants

2210,626**

36963,049***

5895,104***

6794,790

657,202

 

(728,98)

(5216,84)

(840,37)

(4629,84)

(1990,99)

N

1238

1238

1238

1238

1238

Specialist

−0,291

−0,107

0,834

−2,529

−0,189*

Ambulatory Cases

(0,27)

(0,49)

(0,49)

(1,66)

(0,09)

GP Cases

0,185*

0,271

−0,023

−0,062

−0,063

 

(0,09)

(0,20)

(0,12)

(0,22)

(0,04)

Bed Density

4,538***

10,526***

6,823***

4,529***

1,877***

 

(0,53)

(2,27)

(1,52)

(0,98)

(0,40)

Male

−33,468***

28,139

−23,392*

−38,480*

−13,574***

Life Expectancy

(7,99)

(16,89)

(11,13)

(16,05)

(2,93)

Female

−17,195*

−1,670

4,022

−49,471***

0,148

Life Expectancy

(7,42)

(14,56)

(6,38)

(10,52)

(2,39)

Specialist hospitalizations

Orthopaedics

Gynaecology

ENT

Neurology

Dermatology

RSA Risk Factor

266,322

−1927,010***

28,083

1737,440*

420,579***

 

(186,38)

(331,36)

(183,55)

(696,28)

(69,43)

Long −term Care Recipients

0,351**

−0,023

0,543***

−0,047

0,067

per 10.000 Population

(0,11)

(0,25)

(0,09)

(0,27)

(0,04)

Unemployment Rate in %

−9,086**

16,902*

−3,725

−13,861*

−3,579**

 

(3,02)

(7,75)

(2,89)

(6,14)

(1,33)

Net Monthly

0,132***

−0,347***

−0,059*

−0,021

0,023*

Household Income

(0,03)

(0,08)

(0,03)

(0,07)

(0,01)

Number of Large

−4,828

−16,837

24,910*

35,340

3,563

Regional Centres

(9,79)

(21,50)

(12,05)

(26,27)

(4,09)

Number of Medium

10,657***

1,623

4,543**

5,120*

0,829

Regional Centres

(1,77)

(3,63)

(1,55)

(2,46)

(0,55)

Highly Qualified

0,213

30,002***

2,149

1,580

5,730***

Workers in %

(2,40)

(7,32)

(2,08)

(3,03)

(1,03)

Low −skilled

−4,231*

12,114***

2,948*

4,016

−3,712***

Workers in %

(1,67)

(3,35)

(1,50)

(3,68)

(0,56)

Single −Person

−0,587

4,102

−8,417***

6,293

−0,410

Households in %

(1,87)

(7,25)

(2,23)

(7,25)

(0,64)

Immigrants in %

5,108***

12,239***

0,695

6,908***

1,481*

 

(1,54)

(3,50)

(1,61)

(2,08)

(0,67)

Particulate Matter (PM 10)

−0,664

−2,693

0,430

−4,217

−0,917*

 

(0,83)

(2,21)

(0,68)

(2,59)

(0,37)

Year 2007

64,083

200,153

2,554

−170,225

−56,515*

 

(61,50)

(142,10)

(84,09)

(184,27)

(25,84)

Year 2008

65,479*

143,838*

−4,045

−64,197

−22,976

 

(30,37)

(65,05)

(41,37)

(86,16)

(12,86)

Constants

3928,720***

1463,968

2220,432*

6785,421***

1139,500***

 

(716,27)

(1615,06)

(980,77)

(1693,01)

(316,57)

N

1238

1238

1238

1238

1238

  1. Standard error in parentheses, * p<0,10,**p<0,05,***p<0,01
  2. Note: All above mentioned variables were controlled for. Full results can be found in the Appendix