Table 6 Summary of Existing Studies
From: Is health care a necessary or luxury product for Asian countries? An answer using panel approach
Study | Data | Method | Elasticity of Income/Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Abel – Smith (1967) [15] | 30 Countries from Africa, Europe, America, South East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific, 1961 | Cross – Sectional (Survey) | >1 |
Kleiman (1974) [51] | 16 Countries, 1968 | >1 | |
Maxwell (1981) [52] | 10 Countries, 1975 | >1 | |
Gertler & van der Gaag (1990) [48] | 25 Countries, 1975 | >1 | |
Getzen (1990) [49] | United States, 1966–1987 | >1 | |
Schieber (1990) [53] | Canada, France, The Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, The United Kingdom, and The United States, 1960–1987 | Country Specific Time Series, Compound Annual Rate of Growth | >1 |
Getzen & Poullier (1992) [50] | 19 OECD Countries, 1965–1986 | Country Specific Time Series, Forecasting Model and Coparison of Mean Absolute Error (MAE) | >1 |
Fogel (1999) [47] | United States | Long Term Trend Analysis | >1 |
Newhouse (1977) [66] | 13 OECD Countries, 1968–1972 | Cross – Sectional, Regression Model Estimation | >1 |
Leu (1986) [60] | 19 OECD Countries | Cross – Sectional | >1 |
Parkin et. al (1987) [17] | 18 OECD Countries, 1980 | Cross – Sectional, Estimation of Linear, Semi – Log, Exponential and Double Log Model | >1 |
Gbesemete & Gerdtham (1992) [11] | 30 African Countries, 1984 | Cross – Sectional, WLS, RESET Test | Income elasticity close to unity |
Hitiris & Posnett (1992) [21] | 20 OECD Countries, 1960–1987 | Panel Data, Estimation of Linear and Log Linear Models | Income elasticity close to unity |
Gerdtham et. al (1992) [20] | 19 OECD Countries, 1987 | Cross Section, General to Specific Approach | >1 |
Hansen & King (1996) [55] | 20 OECD Countries, 1960–1987 | Time Series, Unit Root and Cointegration | HCE, GDP are Stationary |
Blomqvist & Carter (1997) [58] | 24 OECD Countries, 1960–1991 | Time Series, OLS, Unit Root, Cointegration and Long Run Estimation | Reservation about having an elasticity coefficient as greater than 1 |
Hitiris (1997) [12] | 10 European Community Countries (1960–1991) | Panel Data, GLS, Pooled OLS | >1 |
McCoskey & Selden (1998) [33] | 20 OECD Countries | Panel Data, Panel unit Root | HCE, GDP are Stationary |
Roberts (2000) [13] | 10 European Community Countries (1960–1993) | Panel Data, GLS, Unit Root and Long Run Relationship | Short Run Income Elasticity is significantly less than Unity |
Okunade & Murthy (2002) [56] | USA, 1960–1997 | Time Series, Unit Root and Cointegration | >1 |
Bhat & Jain (2004) [59] | OECD Countries | Panel Data | >1 |
Clemente et. al (2004) [57] | 22 OECD Countries | Country Specific Time Series, Cointegration and Long Run Analysis | >1 |
Sen (2005) [23] | 15 OECD Countries, 1990–1998 | Panel Data Fixed Effect Model, GLS, WLS and IV Estimation | Elasticity varied between 0.21 to 0.51 |
Dreger & Reimers (2005) [5] | 21 OECD Countries, 1975–2001 | Panel Unit Root and Panel Cointegration | Health Care Expenditures are not Luxury Good. Income elasticity is not different from unity. |
Wang & Rettenmaier (2006) [61] | 50 States in the United States, 1980–2000 | Panel Data, Unit Root with Structural Break, Cointegration | >1 |
Chakroun (2009) [54] | 17 OECD Countries, 1975–2003 | Panel Threshold Regression | Health Care is a Necessity rather than a Luxury |
Baltagi & Moscone (2010) [18] | 20 OECD Countries 1971–2004 | Panel Data, Panel Unit Root, Corss Section Dependence, Common Correlated Effect Pooled Estimator (CCEP), Panel Fixed Effect, Spatial MLE | <1 |
Mehrara et. al (2012) [6] | 13 MENA (Middle East & North Africa), 1995–2005 | Panel Data, Panel Unit Root and Panel Cointegration | <1 |
Liu et. al (2011) [22] | 22 OECD Countries, 1960–2002 | Semiparametric Panel Varying Coefficient Model | Relationship between HCE and Income is subject to Structural Change. Full Sample Income Elasticity was greater than unity. |
Hassan et. al (2014) [14] | South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 1995–2010 | Panel Data, Panel Unit Root Test, Panel Cointegration, Panel Long Run Estimation | HCE are Luxury Goods in SAARC Countries |
Penas et. al (2013) | 31 OECD Countries, 1970–2009 | Panel Data, Panel Unit Root, LSDV and NLLS Estimation | Difference in Short term and Long Term Elasticities, Long run Elasticity is close to unity |
Jewell et. al (2003) [7] | 20 OECD Countries, 1960–1997 | Panel Data, Panel Unit Root Test with Structural Breaks | HCE, GDP are Stationary when allowing for Structural Breaks |