Table 1 Inpatient Cost Models, Linear and Log Linear
Mean costs per surgical case | Log Mean costs per surgical case | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
b | t | b | t | |
Opt out | 1815.33*** | 3.76 | 0.08* | 2.43 |
Rural hospital | −584.32 | −0.51 | 0.01 | 0.19 |
Hospital bed size | ||||
Small (reference) | ||||
Medium | 85.99 | 0.13 | −0.03 | −0.68 |
Large | −1037.20 | −1.45 | −0.10 | −1.83 |
Control/ownership of hospital | ||||
Government or private, collapsed category (reference) | ||||
Government, nonfederal, public, | 1403.23 | 0.99 | −0.04 | −0.93 |
Private, non-profit, voluntary | 1448.21 | 0.99 | −0.15** | −2.85 |
Private, invest-own | 1770.03 | 1.11 | −0.01 | −0.19 |
Private, collapsed category | 3400.20 | 1.96 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
Teaching hospital | 1648.59 | 1.22 | −0.04 | −1.30 |
Hospital HHI based on patient flow | 11802.96 | 1.73 | −0.26 | −0.56 |
Lagged (year t-1) facility-level patient summary measures | ||||
Total number of hospitalizations | −0.05 | −0.54 | −0.00 | −0.44 |
Percentage of cases were female | −2308.72 | −0.24 | −0.71 | −0.93 |
Mean length of stay | 426.60 | 1.21 | 0.03 | 1.11 |
Percentage of surgical cases | 14348.88 | 1.75 | 0.54 | 1.33 |
Mean (CMS-HCC) risk score | −438.02 | −0.16 | −0.27 | −1.16 |
Age distribution (%) | ||||
<18 | 7003.33 | 0.63 | 0.96 | 0.86 |
18_44 (reference) | ||||
45_64 | 11426.77 | 0.91 | 0.18 | 0.20 |
65_74 | 9031.06 | 0.47 | 1.42 | 1.13 |
75 or older | 8585.06 | 0.56 | 0.91 | 0.86 |
Admission type (%) | ||||
Elective (reference) | ||||
Emergency | −993.71 | −0.50 | −0.08 | −0.52 |
Other | 1733.18 | 0.84 | 0.20 | 1.85 |
Percentage of routine discharge hospitalizations | −4511.40 | −0.85 | −0.47 | −1.35 |
Health insurance type (%) | ||||
Private insurance (reference) | ||||
Medicare | −2590.06 | −0.56 | −0.15 | −0.42 |
Medicaid | −289.20 | −0.06 | −0.02 | −0.09 |
Others | 559.90 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.35 |
Race (%) | ||||
White (reference) | ||||
Black | 5323.13 | 0.76 | −0.11 | −0.24 |
Hispanic | −7994.42 | −1.27 | −0.38 | −1.04 |
Other | −2340.99 | −1.35 | −0.19 | −1.63 |
County-level variable | ||||
Total number of residents in the county | 0.00 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 0.68 |
Percentage of people in poverty | 42.77 | 0.38 | 0.01 | 0.75 |
Percentage of people are Medicare beneficiaries | −12526.56 | −0.50 | −2.32 | −1.27 |
Percentage of people between age 16 to 64 | −7064.95 | −0.77 | −0.31 | −0.65 |
Unemployment rate | 1553.06 | 0.12 | −0.73 | −0.93 |
Per capita income | 0.10 | 1.06 | 0.00 | 1.63 |
Number of anesthesiologists [MD/DO] per 10,000 residents | −784.20 | −1.39 | −0.06 | −1.41 |
Year dummy variables | ||||
2001.year (reference) | ||||
2002.year | 466.64 | 1.66 | 0.14*** | 6.16 |
2003.year | 1176.08** | 3.62 | 0.26*** | 9.19 |
2004.year | 1993.96*** | 4.18 | 0.36*** | 11.54 |
2005.year | 2942.80*** | 5.06 | 0.48*** | 9.88 |
2006.year | 4007.31*** | 5.60 | 0.57*** | 9.93 |
2007.year | 5322.09*** | 5.76 | 0.69*** | 9.80 |
2008.year | 6344.88*** | 5.84 | 0.79*** | 10.12 |
2009.year | 7524.34*** | 6.37 | 0.92*** | 10.61 |
2010.year | 9554.10*** | 6.17 | 1.06*** | 9.39 |
2011.year | 10332.97*** | 5.79 | 1.13*** | 9.21 |
Constant | −2772.51 | −0.16 | 9.06*** | 6.87 |
N | 1,339 | 1,339 | ||
R-squared (within) | 0.7226 | 0.7946 | ||