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Table 2 Inpatient Access Models, Linear and Log Linear

From: Assessing the impact of state “opt-out” policy on access to and costs of surgeries and other procedures requiring anesthesia services

 

Total number of surgical discharges

Log Total number of surgical discharges

 

b

t

b

t

Opt out

39.78

0.62

0.05

1.08

Rural hospital

−78.00

−0.87

0.05

0.35

Hospital bed size

 Small (reference)

   

.

 Medium

20.62

0.77

−0.01

−0.49

 Large

226.72

1.39

0.06

1.24

Control/ownership of hospital

 Government or private, collapsed category (reference)

 Government, nonfederal, public,

−151.78

−0.86

0.20

0.53

 Private, non-profit, voluntary

112.93

0.69

−0.03

−0.09

 Private, invest-own

104.25

1.05

0.27

0.87

 Private, collapsed category

15.87

0.10

0.01

0.05

Teaching hospital

75.87

1.12

0.05

0.39

Hospital HHI based on patient flow

254.90

0.61

0.85*

2.15

Lagged (year t-1) facility-level patient summary measures

 Total number of hospitalizations

0.16***

12.43

0.00***

9.02

 Percentage of cases were female

−409.79

−0.69

−0.23

−0.21

 Mean length of stay

3.98

0.37

0.00

0.01

 Percentage of surgical cases

2580.39***

5.43

3.99***

4.46

 Mean (CMS-HCC) risk score

−51.14

−0.34

−0.55

−1.55

 Age distribution (%)

  <18

293.78

0.49

2.70

1.83

  18_44 (reference)

  45_64

−185.31

−0.24

2.07

1.49

  65_74

597.26

1.22

2.28

1.81

  75 or older

483.46

0.92

0.34

0.31

 Admission type (%)

  Elective (reference)

  Emergency

−46.15

−0.40

0.21

1.04

  Other

124.02

1.27

0.08

0.49

 Percentage of routine discharge hospitalizations

−330.91

−1.27

−0.23

−0.58

 Health insurance type (%)

  Private insurance (reference)

  Medicare

−106.02

−0.28

0.23

0.54

  Medicaid

163.72

0.61

0.50

1.23

  Others

−29.26

−0.14

0.15

0.57

 Race (%)

  White (reference)

  Black

−2054.46*

−2.62

−0.21

−0.32

  Hispanic

154.64

0.42

0.23

0.40

  Other

−168.06*

−2.14

−0.07

−0.79

County-level variable

 Total number of residents in the county

−0.00

−0.17

−0.00

−1.24

 Percentage of people in poverty

−2.75

−0.31

0.00

0.23

 Percentage of people are Medicare beneficiaries

−258.94

−0.24

−1.00

−0.87

 Percentage of people between age 16 to 64

−285.91

−0.70

−1.23

−2.03

 Unemployment rate

−81.65

−0.07

−4.55*

−2.79

 Per capita income

0.01

1.14

0.00

2.03

 Number of anesthesiologists [MD/DO] per 10,000 residents

231.51

2.04

−0.02

−0.29

Year dummy variables

 1999.year (reference)

0.00

.

0.00

.

 2000.year

78.70*

2.58

−0.01

−0.45

 2001.year

90.38*

2.27

0.01

0.22

 2002.year

70.76

1.02

0.07

1.33

 2003.year

81.98

1.21

0.07

0.85

 2004.year

141.51

1.88

−0.01

−0.12

 2005.year

122.69

1.53

−0.08

−0.75

 2006.year

−2.13

−0.03

−0.15

−1.38

 2007.year

44.26

0.49

−0.19

−1.84

 2008.year

59.28

0.45

−0.15

−1.14

 2009.year

−4.30

−0.03

0.02

0.10

 2010.year

−55.14

−0.29

0.01

0.07

 2011.year

−183.95

−0.97

−0.06

−0.29

Constant

295.62

0.55

4.94**

3.37

N

2063

 

2063

 

R-squared (within)

0.4010

 

0.2019

 
  1. Notes: [1] t-statistics in parentheses; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; [2] Some hospital-year do not have cost-to-charge ratios; therefore, cost measure was not available; [3] interaction term between opt-out and rural hospital status was not statistically significant; therefore, main models do not include interaction terms