Table 2 High-intensity caregiving functions

20–40 h (−1)

0.919***

1.031***

1.013***

(0.116)

(0.136)

(0.199)

40 h or more (−1)

0.744***

0.538***

0.374*

(0.104)

(0.116)

(0.194)

High-intensity caregiving (initial)

0.573***

0.550***

0.579***

(0.115)

(0.134)

(0.189)

m (non-attendance of health checkup)

8.613***

2.081

0.259

(2.795)

(2.727)

(3.661)

Care leave

0.521***

(0.0835)

Relative resources squared

0.0131**

(0.00606)

Relative resources/wage rate

−0.0538**

−0.134

0.517*

(0.0222)

(0.126)

(0.275)

Co-residential caregiving

0.285***

0.0753

0.0641

(0.0753)

(0.0802)

(0.108)

Sex (male = 1)

−0.199*

−0.135*

−0.401***

(0.106)

(0.0796)

(0.100)

Father

−0.0517

−0.0366

0.129

(0.0954)

(0.0935)

(0.107)

Mother

0.137*

0.0564

−0.0185

(0.0770)

(0.0789)

(0.0988)

Father-in-law

0.274**

−0.0701

0.287*

(0.121)

(0.116)

(0.151)

Mother-in-law

0.0332

0.0776

−0.162

(0.0838)

(0.0874)

(0.119)

Medication or doctor’s consultation

0.243**

0.0613

0.0386

(0.107)

(0.105)

(0.127)

Hospitalization during the past year

−0.577**

0.263

−0.649*

(0.233)

(0.247)

(0.390)

Difficulty in daily life activities

−0.00896

0.0340

−0.289*

(0.0863)

(0.103)

(0.171)

Hypertension

−0.201*

−0.0996

0.00882

(0.104)

(0.100)

(0.122)

Hyperlipidemia

−0.182**

−0.118

0.00838

(0.0906)

(0.0903)

(0.104)

Constant

−4.304***

−3.358***

−1.365

(1.160)

(1.133)

(1.502)

lnσ_u ²

−1.266***

−0.716***

−1.815**

(0.384)

(0.274)

(0.913)

σ_u

0.531***

0.699***

0.403**

(0.101)

(0.095)

(0.184)

Intra-class correlation (σ_u ²/(1 + σ_u ²))

0.220

0.328

0.140

Likelihood-ratio test of ρ = 0 [chi²(1)]

11.32

28.96

1.62

Prob ≥ chi²

0.00

0.00

0.10

Log likelihood

−1501.54

−1610.13

−733.07

N

2879

3580

2063