Table 7 Decomposition of inequality in health care costs ranked by income, regression coefficient (B) and concentration index (CI) for each determinant
From: Socioeconomic inequality of diabetes patients’ health care utilization in Denmark
Ranked by income | SECONDARY CARE | PRIMARY CARE | PHARMACEUTICALS | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INPATIENT | OUTPATIENT | ||||||||||||||||
Care | long stays | Rehabilitation | Care | Rehabilitation | General pracitice | Specialist | |||||||||||
Variable (reference group) | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | |||||||||
Income | b01** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | * | 0.00 | |||||||
ci01*** | 0.34 | *** | 0.34 | *** | 0.34 | *** | 0.34 | *** | 0.31 | *** | 0.34 | *** | 0.34 | *** | 0.34 | *** | |
Education (high education) | |||||||||||||||||
low education | b02 | 1656.98 | *** | 54.93 | 4.80 | −1036.59 | *** | −287.87 | * | 349.09 | *** | −262.41 | *** | 86.52 | |||
ci02 | −0.19 | *** | −0.19 | *** | −0.19 | *** | −0.20 | *** | −0.19 | *** | −0.19 | *** | −0.19 | *** | −0.19 | *** | |
medium education | b03 | 1025.82 | *** | 44.26 | −4.24 | −322.94 | −137.91 | 216.14 | *** | −8.86 | −159.67 | *** | |||||
ci03 | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.10 | *** | 0.08 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | |
Age and gender (Males0-14) (Females0-14) | |||||||||||||||||
M15-29 | b04 | −613.27 | *** | −35.70 | *** | 2.24 | ** | −450.86 | *** | −114.50 | *** | 7.93 | *** | −17.02 | *** | −59.22 | *** |
ci04 | −0.16 | *** | −0.16 | *** | −0.16 | *** | −0.17 | *** | −0.14 | −0.16 | *** | −0.16 | *** | −0.16 | *** | ||
M30-44 | b05 | −423.91 | *** | −17.71 | *** | 1.44 | ** | −244.19 | *** | −58.19 | *** | 20.43 | *** | −7.84 | *** | −45.28 | *** |
ci05 | 0.39 | *** | 0.39 | *** | 0.39 | *** | 0.41 | *** | 0.36 | *** | 0.39 | *** | 0.39 | *** | 0.39 | *** | |
M45-59 | b06 | −283.26 | *** | −12.50 | *** | 1.75 | *** | −181.37 | *** | −20.66 | 23.57 | *** | −1.83 | −52.54 | *** | ||
ci06 | 0.38 | *** | 0.38 | *** | 0.38 | *** | 0.38 | *** | 0.35 | *** | 0.38 | *** | 0.38 | *** | 0.38 | *** | |
M60-74 | b07 | −227.19 | *** | −11.16 | *** | 1.79 | *** | −147.29 | *** | −15.57 | 26.02 | *** | 2.06 | * | −54.51 | *** | |
ci07 | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.01 | *** | 0.03 | ** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | |
M75+ | b08 | −228.72 | *** | −9.51 | *** | 2.72 | *** | −175.53 | *** | −26.77 | ** | 30.16 | *** | 2.68 | *** | −56.25 | *** |
ci08 | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.19 | *** | −0.18 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | |
F15-29 | b09 | −492.86 | *** | −22.93 | *** | 1.95 | ** | −220.61 | *** | −91.68 | *** | 51.24 | *** | 10.34 | *** | −90.40 | *** |
ci09 | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.14 | *** | −0.07 | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | ||
F30-44 | b10 | −366.93 | *** | −16.01 | *** | 1.99 | *** | −178.72 | *** | −57.76 | *** | 34.93 | *** | 10.76 | *** | −82.82 | *** |
ci10 | 0.32 | *** | 0.32 | *** | 0.32 | *** | 0.34 | *** | 0.23 | *** | 0.32 | *** | 0.32 | *** | 0.32 | *** | |
F45-59 | b11 | −313.06 | *** | −12.33 | *** | 1.91 | *** | −198.61 | *** | −33.74 | ** | 31.09 | *** | 10.80 | *** | −54.44 | *** |
ci11 | 0.48 | *** | 0.48 | *** | 0.48 | *** | 0.39 | *** | 0.40 | *** | 0.48 | *** | 0.48 | *** | 0.48 | *** | |
F60-74 | b12 | −274.92 | *** | −11.52 | *** | 2.05 | *** | −169.68 | *** | −32.91 | *** | 27.37 | *** | 8.50 | *** | −45.58 | *** |
ci12 | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.01 | *** | 0.03 | ** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | |
F75+ | b13 | −283.56 | *** | −11.09 | *** | 2.86 | *** | −196.36 | *** | −31.08 | *** | 27.64 | *** | 3.61 | *** | −45.60 | *** |
ci13 | −0.16 | *** | −0.16 | *** | −0.16 | *** | −0.15 | *** | −0.12 | *** | −0.16 | *** | −0.16 | *** | −0.16 | *** | |
Labour market affiliation (in job) | |||||||||||||||||
Not in job (maternity leave, job seeker allowance) | b14 | 5656.97 | *** | 310.30 | *** | 76.42 | *** | 2065.49 | *** | 796.35 | ** | 705.00 | *** | 344.42 | *** | 147.77 | |
ci14 | 0.09 | *** | 0.09 | *** | 0.09 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.13 | *** | 0.09 | *** | 0.09 | *** | 0.09 | *** | |
Not in job (unemployment benefit) | b15 | 7714.01 | *** | 100.31 | 45.45 | *** | 1793.17 | *** | 355.39 | 955.25 | *** | 518.71 | *** | 900.41 | *** | ||
ci15 | −0.44 | *** | −0.44 | *** | −0.44 | *** | −0.43 | *** | −0.42 | *** | −0.44 | *** | −0.44 | *** | −0.44 | *** | |
Education, training | b16 | −3160.16 | ** | −297.82 | *** | 25.81 | *** | 1328.96 | ** | −1347.85 | ** | −227.81 | *** | −165.51 | *** | 621.87 | * |
ci16 | −0.90 | *** | −0.90 | *** | −0.90 | *** | −0.91 | *** | −0.85 | *** | −0.90 | *** | −0.90 | *** | −0.90 | *** | |
Early retired | b17 | 12395.85 | *** | 509.88 | *** | 80.83 | *** | 8147.46 | *** | −67.01 | 932.87 | *** | 1113.52 | *** | 6599.71 | *** | |
ci17 | −0.15 | *** | −0.15 | *** | −0.15 | *** | −0.14 | *** | −0.10 | *** | −0.15 | *** | −0.15 | *** | −0.15 | *** | |
Retired | b18 | 7303.15 | *** | 271.48 | *** | 60.31 | *** | 4240.48 | *** | 431.49 | * | 562.26 | *** | 511.90 | *** | 1784.64 | *** |
ci18 | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.20 | *** | −0.18 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | |
Child | b19 | −7903.27 | *** | −687.25 | *** | 79.26 | *** | 1970.06 | −2358.20 | * | 257.09 | *** | −591.64 | *** | −1792.82 | *** | |
ci19 | −0.98 | *** | −0.98 | *** | −0.98 | *** | −0.98 | *** | −0.99 | *** | −0.98 | *** | −0.98 | *** | −0.98 | *** | |
Marital status (marriaged) | |||||||||||||||||
Unmarried | b20 | −793.18 | * | 118.66 | ** | 7.18 | −967.62 | *** | 91.72 | −98.20 | *** | −144.60 | *** | 435.56 | *** | ||
ci20 | 0.03 | *** | 0.03 | *** | 0.03 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.09 | *** | 0.03 | *** | 0.03 | *** | 0.03 | *** | |
widowed/longest living partner | b21 | 546.13 | 110.96 | ** | 28.94 | *** | −1280.55 | *** | −317.43 | * | −14.08 | −242.16 | *** | 138.57 | *** | ||
ci21 | −0.09 | *** | −0.09 | *** | −0.09 | *** | −0.06 | *** | 0.01 | −0.09 | *** | −0.09 | *** | −0.09 | *** | ||
Divorced/annuled partnership | b22 | 1960.90 | *** | 143.55 | *** | 35.08 | *** | −729.78 | ** | −89.68 | 0.94 | −154.77 | *** | 625.22 | *** | ||
ci22 | 0.04 | *** | 0.04 | *** | 0.04 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.08 | *** | 0.04 | *** | 0.04 | *** | 0.04 | *** | |
Ethicity (Ethic Dane) | |||||||||||||||||
Immigrant | b23 | −4598.66 | *** | −180.16 | *** | −52.24 | *** | −1906.88 | *** | 556.50 | ** | 80.42 | *** | −332.02 | *** | −2082.04 | *** |
ci23 | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.22 | *** | −0.18 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | −0.21 | *** | |
Descendant | b24 | −2601.88 | −272.86 | *** | −32.93 | ** | −1257.39 | 1008.95 | 19.62 | −241.26 | *** | −1152.62 | *** | ||||
ci24 | −0.24 | *** | −0.24 | *** | −0.24 | *** | −0.25 | *** | −0.01 | −0.24 | *** | −0.24 | *** | −0.24 | *** | ||
Region of residence (Capital Region of Denmark) | |||||||||||||||||
Region Zealand | b25 | 1518.98 | *** | −218.02 | *** | −1.39 | −1508.86 | *** | −1203.57 | *** | 146.81 | *** | −559.62 | *** | −121.78 | * | |
ci25 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||||
Region of Southern Denmark | b26 | −2690.03 | *** | −289.19 | *** | 140.30 | *** | 1281.61 | *** | −2932.85 | *** | 343.49 | *** | −731.81 | *** | −246.01 | *** |
ci26 | −0.04 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.05 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.04 | *** | |
Central Denmark Region | b27 | −2483.33 | *** | −418.62 | *** | 154.80 | *** | −1992.48 | *** | −2226.42 | *** | 697.56 | *** | −766.99 | *** | −293.93 | *** |
ci27 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | *** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
North Denmark Region | b28 | −3087.03 | *** | −173.55 | *** | 91.92 | *** | −3236.22 | *** | −1330.41 | *** | 632.16 | *** | −916.56 | *** | 69.90 | |
ci28 | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | 0.00 | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | ||
Urbanity (Cities) | |||||||||||||||||
Suburbs | b29 | −750.90 | * | 52.07 | 1.25 | −439.30 | 971.95 | *** | 170.91 | *** | −162.38 | *** | 278.42 | *** | |||
ci29 | 0.00 | * | 0.00 | * | 0.00 | * | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | * | 0.00 | * | 0.00 | * | |||
Country side | b30 | −791.07 | ** | −1.76 | −23.64 | *** | −1447.17 | *** | 975.13 | *** | 230.68 | *** | −206.41 | *** | 82.10 | * | |
ci30 | −0.04 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.04 | *** | |
Morbidity indicators | |||||||||||||||||
Incident in 2011 | b31 | −1287.16 | *** | −4.70 | −21.37 | *** | 1873.66 | *** | 293.34 | −949.62 | *** | −1000.48 | *** | −1880.24 | *** | ||
ci31 | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | |
Complication group CG1 (CG0) * | b32 | 8924.98 | *** | 370.12 | *** | 77.74 | *** | 3043.54 | *** | 1104.35 | *** | 158.60 | *** | 192.82 | *** | 3609.95 | *** |
ci32 | 0.01 | *** | 0.01 | *** | 0.01 | *** | 0.04 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.01 | *** | 0.01 | *** | 0.01 | *** | |
Complication group CG2 (CG0)* | b33 | 29216.04 | *** | 993.73 | *** | 342.16 | *** | 11567.27 | *** | 2064.34 | *** | 469.02 | *** | 662.58 | *** | 4359.56 | *** |
ci33 | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.10 | *** | −0.07 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | |
Death in 2011 | b34 | 87725.75 | *** | 5083.04 | *** | 722.43 | *** | 8603.19 | *** | −912.07 | *** | −617.85 | *** | −1014.66 | *** | −2310.90 | *** |
ci34 | −0.68 | *** | −0.68 | *** | −0.68 | *** | −0.63 | *** | −0.53 | *** | −0.68 | *** | −0.68 | *** | −0.68 | *** | |