Table 8 Decomposition of inequality in health care costs ranked by education, regression coefficient (B) and concentration index (CI) for each determinant
From: Socioeconomic inequality of diabetes patients’ health care utilization in Denmark
Ranked by education | SECONDARY CARE | PRIMARY CARE | PHARMACEUTICALS | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INPATIENT | OUTPATIENT | ||||||||||||||||
Care | long stays | Rehabilitation | Care | Rehabilitation | General pracitice | Specialist | |||||||||||
Variable (reference group) | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | |||||||||
Income | b01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | * | 0.00 | * | 0.00 | ||||||
ci01 | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.10 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | |
Education (high education) | |||||||||||||||||
low education | b02 | 1671.70 | *** | 57.60 | 5.09 | −1044.36 | *** | −302.94 | * | 349.05 | *** | −260.11 | *** | 91.10 | |||
ci02 | −0.58 | *** | −0.58 | *** | −0.58 | *** | −0.58 | *** | −0.57 | *** | −0.58 | *** | −0.58 | *** | −0.58 | *** | |
medium education | b03 | 1055.65 | *** | 47.62 | −3.79 | −334.48 | −145.09 | 215.94 | *** | −6.32 | −152.72 | ** | |||||
ci03 | 0.25 | *** | 0.25 | *** | 0.25 | *** | 0.25 | *** | 0.28 | *** | 0.25 | *** | 0.25 | *** | 0.25 | *** | |
Age and gender (Males0-14) (Females0-14) | |||||||||||||||||
M15-29 | b04 | −620.08 | *** | −35.51 | *** | 2.27 | ** | −454.78 | *** | −112.13 | *** | 7.99 | *** | −16.68 | *** | −58.14 | *** |
ci04 | −0.14 | *** | −0.14 | *** | −0.14 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.16 | * | −0.14 | *** | −0.14 | *** | −0.14 | *** | |
M30-44 | b05 | −426.18 | *** | −17.70 | *** | 1.47 | ** | −247.64 | *** | −56.56 | *** | 20.41 | *** | −7.58 | *** | −45.05 | *** |
ci05 | 0.08 | *** | 0.08 | *** | 0.08 | *** | 0.10 | *** | 0.08 | ** | 0.08 | *** | 0.08 | *** | 0.08 | *** | |
M45-59 | b06 | −284.55 | *** | −12.48 | *** | 1.77 | *** | −183.38 | *** | −19.55 | 23.57 | *** | −1.65 | −52.41 | *** | ||
ci06 | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.10 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | |
M60-74 | b07 | −229.27 | *** | −11.19 | *** | 1.80 | *** | −149.42 | *** | −14.46 | 26.00 | *** | 2.20 | * | −54.49 | *** | |
ci07 | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.06 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | |
M75+ | b08 | −229.99 | *** | −9.48 | *** | 2.74 | *** | −177.51 | *** | −25.93 | ** | 30.16 | *** | 2.81 | *** | −56.25 | *** |
ci08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||||
F15-29 | b09 | −500.86 | *** | −23.04 | *** | 1.98 | ** | −224.03 | *** | −88.97 | *** | 51.19 | *** | 10.54 | *** | −90.45 | *** |
ci09 | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | −0.08 | * | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | |
F30-44 | b10 | −369.02 | *** | −15.98 | *** | 2.02 | *** | −181.68 | *** | −56.30 | *** | 34.92 | *** | 10.99 | *** | −82.49 | *** |
ci10 | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.08 | *** | 0.05 | ** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | |
F45-59 | b11 | −314.80 | *** | −12.28 | *** | 1.93 | *** | −200.69 | *** | −32.70 | ** | 31.10 | *** | 10.98 | *** | −54.35 | *** |
ci11 | 0.09 | *** | 0.09 | *** | 0.09 | *** | 0.08 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.09 | *** | 0.09 | *** | 0.09 | *** | |
F60-74 | b12 | −276.81 | *** | −11.50 | *** | 2.07 | *** | −171.59 | *** | −31.94 | ** | 27.36 | *** | 8.67 | *** | −45.62 | *** |
ci12 | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.06 | *** | 0.08 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.07 | *** | |
F75+ | b13 | −284.82 | *** | −11.08 | *** | 2.87 | *** | −198.21 | *** | −30.10 | *** | 27.64 | *** | 3.74 | *** | −45.61 | *** |
ci13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||||
Labour market affiliation (in job) | |||||||||||||||||
Not injob (maternity leave, job seeker allowance) | b14 | 5647.67 | *** | 310.49 | *** | 75.85 | *** | 2050.64 | *** | 801.14 | * | 705.60 | *** | 343.97 | *** | 146.35 | |
ci14 | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.04 | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | 0.05 | *** | ||
Not in job (unemployment benefit) | b15 | 7754.26 | *** | 102.21 | 45.48 | *** | 1755.88 | *** | 345.08 | 954.64 | *** | 520.03 | *** | 905.78 | *** | ||
ci15 | −0.05 | *** | −0.05 | *** | −0.05 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.11 | ** | −0.05 | *** | −0.05 | *** | −0.05 | *** | |
Education, training | b16 | −3047.98 | ** | −296.37 | *** | 26.77 | *** | 1239.85 | ** | −1327.45 | ** | −226.53 | *** | −163.62 | *** | 634.89 | ** |
ci16 | −0.36 | *** | −0.36 | *** | −0.36 | *** | −0.38 | *** | −0.27 | *** | −0.36 | *** | −0.36 | *** | −0.36 | *** | |
Early pensioner | b17 | 12424.47 | *** | 516.77 | *** | 80.95 | *** | 8113.88 | *** | −61.04 | 932.31 | *** | 1111.59 | *** | 6598.69 | *** | |
ci17 | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.12 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | −0.13 | *** | |
Pensioner | b18 | 7360.21 | *** | 273.17 | *** | 60.90 | *** | 4243.02 | *** | 430.83 | * | 563.12 | *** | 510.89 | *** | 1791.89 | *** |
ci18 | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.05 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | |
Child | b19 | −8016.24 | *** | −679.84 | *** | 79.79 | *** | 1863.83 | −2312.99 | * | 257.14 | *** | −578.69 | *** | −1788.10 | *** | |
ci19 | 0.76 | *** | 0.76 | *** | 0.76 | *** | 0.75 | *** | 0.66 | *** | 0.76 | *** | 0.76 | *** | 0.76 | *** | |
Marital status (marriaged) | |||||||||||||||||
Unmarried | b20 | −762.99 | * | 119.34 | ** | 7.51 | −983.54 | *** | 87.62 | −98.00 | *** | −144.59 | *** | 436.33 | *** | ||
ci20 | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.01 | *** | 0.00 | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | ||
widowed/longest living partner | b21 | 498.17 | 111.25 | ** | 28.21 | *** | −1264.30 | *** | −328.09 | ** | −14.91 | −243.26 | *** | 139.54 | *** | ||
ci21 | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | −0.12 | *** | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | −0.11 | *** | |
Divorced/annuled partnership | b22 | 1959.70 | *** | 144.38 | *** | 35.48 | *** | −722.93 | ** | −93.74 | 0.99 | −155.19 | *** | 624.10 | *** | ||
ci22 | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | 0.00 | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | ||
Ethicity (Ethic Dane) | |||||||||||||||||
Immigrant | b23 | −4583.20 | *** | −184.46 | *** | −52.36 | *** | −1895.54 | *** | 566.97 | ** | 80.27 | *** | −331.87 | *** | −2081.26 | *** |
ci23 | 0.15 | *** | 0.15 | *** | 0.15 | *** | 0.14 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.15 | *** | 0.15 | *** | 0.15 | *** | |
Descendant | b24 | −2549.32 | −270.53 | *** | −33.09 | ** | −1229.19 | 1017.49 | 19.23 | −236.49 | *** | −1134.00 | *** | ||||
ci24 | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.12 | *** | 0.13 | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | 0.11 | *** | ||
Region of residence (Capital Region of Denmark) | |||||||||||||||||
Region Zealand | b25 | 1529.58 | *** | −219.20 | *** | −1.67 | −1514.75 | *** | −1215.46 | *** | 146.88 | *** | −560.24 | *** | −125.67 | * | |
ci25 | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | ||
Region of Southern Denmark | b26 | −2687.59 | *** | −291.85 | *** | 140.25 | *** | 1267.48 | *** | −2931.74 | *** | 344.33 | *** | −731.61 | *** | −251.59 | *** |
ci26 | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.04 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | |
Central Denmark Region | b27 | −2496.60 | *** | −422.31 | *** | 154.16 | *** | −2012.19 | *** | −2215.80 | *** | 696.83 | *** | −767.81 | *** | −298.20 | *** |
ci27 | −0.01 | *** | −0.01 | *** | −0.01 | *** | −0.02 | *** | 0.03 | *** | −0.01 | *** | −0.01 | *** | −0.01 | *** | |
North Denmark Region | b28 | −3077.69 | *** | −177.70 | *** | 91.88 | *** | −3251.57 | *** | −1313.66 | *** | 631.06 | *** | −916.52 | *** | 63.75 | |
ci28 | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | |
Urbanity (Cities) | |||||||||||||||||
Suburbs | b29 | −769.59 | * | 52.32 | 1.32 | −421.47 | 975.00 | *** | 171.33 | *** | −162.57 | *** | 278.79 | *** | |||
ci29 | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.01 | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | ||
Country side | b30 | −794.58 | ** | −1.55 | −23.33 | *** | −1437.32 | *** | 979.44 | *** | 229.74 | *** | −206.84 | *** | 79.69 | ||
ci30 | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.05 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | −0.06 | *** | |
Morbidity indicators | |||||||||||||||||
Incident in 2011 | b31 | −1291.89 | *** | −5.98 | −21.65 | *** | 1862.19 | *** | 307.23 | −950.00 | *** | −999.99 | *** | −1878.38 | *** | ||
ci31 | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.07 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | 0.02 | *** | |
Complication group CG1 (CG0) * | b32 | 8970.85 | *** | 371.90 | *** | 78.17 | *** | 3050.01 | *** | 1100.95 | *** | 159.51 | *** | 193.67 | *** | 3614.41 | *** |
ci32 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | *** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||
Complication group CG2 (CG0)* | b33 | 29218.30 | *** | 994.70 | *** | 342.29 | *** | 11571.10 | *** | 2057.79 | *** | 469.32 | *** | 662.94 | *** | 4362.94 | *** |
ci33 | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.01 | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | −0.03 | *** | ||
Death in 2011 | b34 | 87694.00 | *** | 5094.08 | *** | 720.90 | *** | 8658.61 | *** | −921.76 | *** | −618.34 | *** | −1012.35 | *** | −2311.31 | *** |
ci34 | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.05 | *** | 0.00 | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | −0.02 | *** | ||