Table 4 Descriptive characteristics of included studies
Author (Year) | Study Design (time horizon) | Perspective | Setting | Location | Sample Size | Males (%) Cases/ Controls | Mean Age Cases/ Controls | Target Population | Subgroups | Co-morbidity | Comparators |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levin et al. (1991) [13] | Economic study of a 2-group non- randomized design (5Â years) | Societal | Hospital-based | Sweden | 305 | 84.4/84.8 | 57.3/57.2 | MI patients | None | Not reported | Comprehensive CR vs standard care |
Oldridge et al. (1993) [4] | Economic evaluation of a 2-group RCT (12Â months) | Healthcare system + Patient | Not reported | Canada | 201 | 88/89 | 52.9/52.7 | AMI patients with mild to moderate depression or anxiety | None | Not reported | CR vs usual care |
Ades et al. (1997) [16] | Retrospective economic evaluation on published data from randomized trials (15Â years) | Patient or Payer | Majority hospital-based | USA | NA | 100a | Majority <65a | AMI patients | None | Not reported | CR vs no CR |
Carlson et al. (2000) [18] | Economic evaluation of a 2-group RCT (6Â months) | Insurer | Rehabilitation centre | USA | 80 | 81.6/83.3 | 59/59 | Low risk cardiac patients | None | Not reported | Traditional vs Modified protocol |
Hall et al. (2002) [15] | Economic evaluation of a 2-group RCT (12Â months) | Healthcare system + Patient | Hospital-based | Australia | 142 | 59/56 | 56/56 | AMI patients | None | Not reported | REHAB vs ERNA (Early return to normal activities) |
Southard et al. (2003) [9] | 2-group RCT (6Â months) | Healthcare system | Home-based (internet) | USA | 104 | 68/82 | 61.8/62.8 | Cardiovascular disease patients | None | Not reported | Home-based (internet) CR vs usual care |
Yu et al. (2004) [19] | Economic evaluation of a prospective 2-group RCT (24Â months) | Provider + Patient | Rehabilitation centre | Hong Kong | 269 | 76/75 | 64/64 | AMI or PCI patients | None | Not reported | CRPP vs conventional therapy |
Briffa et al. (2005) [12] | Economic evaluation of an open RCT (12Â months) | Healthcare system | Hospital-based | Australia | 113 | 71.9/75 | 61.9/60.8 | AMI or recovery from unstable angina | None | 285 out of 2712 (11%) patients ineligible due to comorbidity | Comprehensive CR vs conventional care |
Reid et al. (2005) [17] | Economic evaluation of a 2-group RCT (24Â months) | Healthcare system | Rehabilitation Centre | Canada | 392 | 85/84 | 58/58 | CAD (AMI, PCI, CABG and angina) patients. | None | Co-morbid conditions that may impair progress were addressed (i.e. depression, musculoskeletal/respiratory problems). | CR (3-month) vs CR (12-month) |
Jolly et al. (2007) [11] | Economic evaluation of a 2-group RCT (24Â months) | Societal | Hospital-based | UK | 525 | 77.2/76.0 | 60.3/61.8 | MI or revascularization (PTCA/CABG) patients (within 12Â weeks) | None | 219 out of 1997 (11%) patients ineligible due to comorbidity Some patients adapted program to suit their co-morbidities. | Home vs Hospital |
Taylor et al. (2007) [10] | Economic evaluation of a 2-group RCT (9Â months) | Healthcare system + Patient | Hospital-based | UK | 104 | NR | NR | AMI patients | None | Patients with a major co-morbidity were excluded. | Home vs Hospital |
Dendale et al. (2008) [14] | Retrospective economic evaluation of a non-randomised clinical trial (4.5Â years) | Healthcare Payer | Hospital-based | Belgium | 213 | 75.9/66.3 | 58.6/64.8 | PCI patients | None | Patients with life-threatening or symptomatic co-morbidities were excluded. | CR vs no CR |
Huang et al. (2008) [21] | Retrospective economic evaluation based on the United States Renal Data System (42Â months) | Insurer | Not reported | USA | 4324 | 72a | Majority >65a | ESRD (CABG) patients | Age, gender, number of cardiovascular conditions, diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, race, Medicaid coverage, higher serum albumin, primary diagnosis of diabetes, AMI before CABG and propensity for CR | Documented the number of existing cardiovascular conditions at initiation of dialysis. | CR vs no CR |
Papadakis et al. (2008) [2] | Economic evaluation of a 2-group RCT (24Â months) | Healthcare system | Rehabilitation Centre | Canada | 392 | 84.5/89.3 | 58.4/58.4 | CAD (MI,PCI,CABG and angina) patients | Cardiac risk level, risk of disease progression, reason for referral and sex. | Not reported | CR (3-month) vs CR (12-month) |
Spronk et al. (2008) [20] | Economic evaluation and modelling of CR strategies (Lifetime) | Societal | Not reported | USA | NA | 100a | 64a | CAD (MI) patients. | None | Not reported | CR only vs revascularisation before CR or after CR failure |