From: Health care utilisation amongst older adults with sensory and cognitive impairments in Europe
 | Doctor Visits | GP visits | Hospitalisations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[1] | [2] | [3] | [4] | [5] | [6] | |
Predisposing factors | Low users | High users | Low users | High users | Low users | High users |
Age | 1.012 | 1.021 | 1.015 | 0.99 | 1.056 | 0.998 |
 | [0.013] | [0.014] | [0.015] | [0.013] | [0.048] | [0.056] |
Age squared | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
 | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] | [0.000] |
Male | 0.909*** | 0.991 | 0.967* | 1.013 | 1.240*** | 1.182** |
 | [0.016] | [0.019] | [0.019] | [0.020] | [0.070] | [0.089] |
Married | 1.057** | 1.000 | 1.032 | 0.984 | 1.048 | 1.157 |
 | [0.025] | [0.023] | [0.027] | [0.023] | [0.081] | [0.132] |
Immigrant | 1.041 | 0.978 | 0.976 | 0.995 | 1.213* | 0.737* |
 | [0.037] | [0.038] | [0.035] | [0.037] | [0.123] | [0.124] |
Secondary education | 1.029 | 1.011 | 0.988 | 0.917*** | 1.051 | 1.061 |
 | [0.023] | [0.023] | [0.025] | [0.021] | [0.073] | [0.096] |
Tertiary education | 1.077*** | 1.083** | 0.920*** | 0.855*** | 0.964 | 1.153 |
 | [0.029] | [0.034] | [0.028] | [0.028] | [0.082] | [0.137] |
Enabling factors | ||||||
Employed | 0.923*** | 0.859*** | 0.952* | 0.846*** | 0.874 | 0.816 |
 | [0.024] | [0.025] | [0.026] | [0.027] | [0.103] | [0.104] |
ln(income_ppp) | 1.025*** | 0.996 | 1.015* | 0.994 | 1.001 | 0.984 |
 | [0.008] | [0.006] | [0.008] | [0.006] | [0.024] | [0.025] |
Health behaviours | ||||||
Present smoker | 0.832*** | 0.936** | 0.836*** | 0.966 | 0.912 | 0.748*** |
 | [0.023] | [0.024] | [0.024] | [0.026] | [0.098] | [0.083] |
Regular alcohol consumption | 0.964** | 0.876*** | 0.961** | 0.915*** | 0.858** | 0.837** |
 | [0.017] | [0.017] | [0.019] | [0.019] | [0.054] | [0.074] |
Regular physical activity | 0.883*** | 0.919*** | 0.907*** | 0.908*** | 0.843*** | 0.761*** |
 | [0.015] | [0.018] | [0.017] | [0.019] | [0.054] | [0.065] |
Need factors | ||||||
ADL scale | 1.042** | 1.128*** | 1.011 | 1.099*** | 1.271*** | 1.120** |
 | [0.017] | [0.015] | [0.023] | [0.012] | [0.040] | [0.060] |
Number of chronic diseases | 1.338*** | 1.143*** | 1.339*** | 1.114*** | 1.329*** | 1.088*** |
 | [0.010] | [0.008] | [0.012] | [0.008] | [0.028] | [0.034] |
Cognitive impairment | 0.946** | 0.975 | 0.986 | 1.018 | 0.865 | 1.061 |
 | [0.025] | [0.026] | [0.029] | [0.027] | [0.078] | [0.118] |
Sensory impairment | 0.992 | 0.960* | 0.992 | 0.973 | 1.151** | 0.885 |
 | [0.019] | [0.021] | [0.021] | [0.023] | [0.075] | [0.081] |
Sense_Cog impairment | 0.988 | 1.098*** | 0.979 | 1.096*** | 1.061 | 1.214 |
 | [0.038] | [0.039] | [0.044] | [0.039] | [0.130] | [0.183] |
Country dummies | ||||||
Austria | 1.348*** | 1.229*** | 1.114** | 1.342*** | 2.063*** | 1.074 |
 | [0.069] | [0.060] | [0.055] | [0.068] | [0.259] | [0.197] |
Germany | 1.982*** | 1.660*** | 1.345*** | 1.502*** | 1.916*** | 0.912 |
 | [0.071] | [0.080] | [0.054] | [0.074] | [0.233] | [0.160] |
Netherlands | 1.132*** | 1.139*** | 0.948 | 0.868*** | 0.893 | 0.781 |
 | [0.040] | [0.051] | [0.040] | [0.042] | [0.114] | [0.122] |
Spain | 1.417*** | 1.164*** | 1.181*** | 1.341*** | 0.699*** | 0.619*** |
 | [0.057] | [0.053] | [0.058] | [0.064] | [0.097] | [0.103] |
Italy | 1.528*** | 1.495*** | 1.153*** | 1.855*** | 0.832 | 0.625*** |
 | [0.060] | [0.066] | [0.050] | [0.086] | [0.108] | [0.099] |
France | 1.673*** | 1.274*** | 1.608*** | 1.335*** | 1.270** | 0.953 |
 | [0.057] | [0.057] | [0.060] | [0.062] | [0.150] | [0.143] |
Switzerland | 1.124*** | 1.154** | 0.920* | 1.102 | 1.451*** | 1.395 |
 | [0.049] | [0.068] | [0.045] | [0.070] | [0.197] | [0.290] |
Belgium | 1.648*** | 1.434*** | 1.502*** | 1.578*** | 1.286** | 0.738** |
 | [0.052] | [0.058] | [0.053] | [0.068] | [0.140] | [0.107] |
N | 28,328 | 26,571 | 28,736 | |||
ll | −79,599.46 | −65,222.37 | −14,501.18 | |||
AIC | 159,332.92 | 130,578.75 | 29,136.36 | |||
BIC | 159,792.90 | 131,053.71 | 29,597.29 |