Table 3 Effects of prenatal care and socioeconomic status on cesarean delivery use, logit model 1 (odds ratios)

  Second trimester

1.10 (0.129)

1.09 (0.129)

1.06 (0.174)

1.05 (0.169)

1.75^c(0.509)

1.67^c(0.464)

1.40 (0.573)

1.34 (0.524)

  Third trimester

1.06 (0.252)

1.05 (0.249)

0.46 (0.259)

0.46 (0.258)

1.92 (1.379)

1.93 (1.386)

2.24 (1.528)

2.27 (1.543)

  < 3

1.02 (0.062)

1.02 (0.061)

1.05 (0.190)

1.05 (0.190)

1.04 (0.329)

1.06 (0.337)

0.87 (0.326)

0.88 (0.334)

  ≥ 4

1.31^a(0.057)

1.31^a(0.058)

1.32^a(0.090)

1.32^a(0.091)

1.12 (0.113)

1.11 (0.110)

1.10 (0.121)

1.09 (0.118)

 No nuchal translucency ultrasound

0.98 (0.076)

0.99 (0.074)

0.96 (0.130)

0.97 (0.129)

0.95 (0.293)

1.00 (0.289)

1.01 (0.355)

1.06 (0.345)

 No morphology ultrasound

0.75^b(0.108)

0.75^b(0.108)

0.69^a(0.076)

0.69^a(0.076)

0.82 (0.221)

0.78 (0.205)

0.71 (0.235)

0.67 (0.218)

 No early prenatal interview

1.06^b(0.049)

1.06 (0.049)

1.05 (0.048)

1.05 (0.047)

1.00 (0.079)

1.01 (0.077)

0.97 (0.093)

0.98 (0.092)

 No prenatal education

1.33^a(0.022)

1.33^a(0.022)

1.39^a(0.038)

1.39^a(0.038)

1.25^a(0.068)

1.26^a(0.062)

1.22^b(0.098)

1.22^a(0.092)

 Single

0.77^a(0.071)

0.77^a(0.072)

0.72^c(0.129)

0.72^c(0.131)

0.44^a(0.113)

0.44^a(0.115)

0.48^a(0.119)

0.48^a(0.122)

 Uninsured

1.06 (0.078)

1.06 (0.078)

1.10 (0.094)

1.10 (0.094)

0.91 (0.306)

0.92 (0.311)

0.67 (0.247)

0.68 (0.251)

  Primary school

1.23^c(0.140)

1.22^c(0.141)

1.19 (0.172)

1.19 (0.173)

1.45 (0.578)

1.45 (0.582)

1.47 (0.603)

1.46 (0.595)

  Some secondary school

1.33^a(0.059)

1.33^a(0.059)

1.29^a(0.083)

1.29^a(0.084)

1.34^b(0.161)

1.35^b(0.164)

1.32^b(0.151)

1.34^b(0.155)

  Completed secondary school

1.29^a(0.039)

1.29^a(0.039)

1.24^a(0.035)

1.24^a(0.034)

1.27^a(0.081)

1.28^a(0.084)

1.29^a(0.082)

1.30^a(0.085)

  Manual worker

1.26^a(0.097)

1.26^a(0.097)

1.33^a(0.131)

1.33^a(0.131)

1.55 (0.492)

1.55 (0.495)

1.47 (0.553)

1.50 (0.570)

  Office, sales, or service staff

1.13^a(0.042)

1.13^a(0.042)

1.12^a(0.041)

1.12^a(0.041)

1.14^c (0.080)

1.14^c(0.081)

1.12^c(0.072)

1.12^c(0.071)

  Farmer

1.24 (0.455)

1.25 (0.457)

1.03 (0.426)

1.04 (0.431)

1.29 (0.877)

1.32 (0.892)

1.80 (1.186)

1.82 (1.194)

  Craft/trades worker or entrepreneur

1.10 (0.080)

1.10 (0.080)

1.14^c(0.090)

1.14^c(0.090)

1.16 (0.281)

1.15 (0.275)

1.18 (0.354)

1.17 (0.347)

  Intermediate (technical)

1.13^a(0.052)

1.13^a(0.052)

1.13^c(0.075)

1.13^c(0.074)

1.19^a(0.058)

1.20^a(0.064)

1.25^a(0.078)

1.26^a(0.085)

  Unemployed

1.14^b(0.066)

1.14^b(0.066)

1.14^c(0.080)

1.14^c(0.080)

0.81 (0.111)

0.81 (0.114)

0.74^b(0.099)

0.74^b(0.101)

  Not in labor force

0.94 (0.041)

0.94 (0.041)

0.91 (0.058)

0.91 (0.058)

1.01 (0.111)

1.01 (0.108)

1.01 (0.113)

1.01 (0.116)

  Manual worker

1.15^a(0.057)

1.15^a(0.057)

1.08 (0.067)

1.08 (0.067)

  Office, sales, or service staff

1.13^a(0.033)

1.13^a(0.033)

1.11^a(0.043)

1.11^a(0.043)

  Farmer

1.06 (0.218)

1.06 (0.217)

1.05 (0.273)

1.05 (0.271)

  Craft/trades worker or entrepreneur

1.10 (0.075)

1.10 (0.074)

1.06 (0.087)

1.06 (0.086)

  Intermediate (technical)

1.07 (0.054)

1.07 (0.055)

1.09 (0.095)

1.09 (0.096)

  Unemployed

1.01 (0.080)

1.01 (0.080)

1.11 (0.114)

1.11 (0.115)

  Not in labor force

1.17^a(0.050)

1.17^a(0.050)

1.12^b(0.064)

1.12^b(0.064)

Epidemiologic controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Hospital controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Hospital effects

Fixed

Random

Fixed

Random

Fixed

Random

Fixed

Random

Fixed

Random

Residence fixed effects

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

N (observations)

68,314

68,314

58,324

58,324

41,141

41,141

9507

9507

8020

8020