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Table 2 Determinants of Full Childhood Immunizations, 2008–2014

From: Inequalities in child immunization coverage in Ghana: evidence from a decomposition analysis

 

2008

2014

VARIABLES

Full

Urban

Rural

Full

Urban

Rural

Rural

0.0770**

  

0.0448**

  

(0.0306)

  

(0.0191)

  

23–35 months

−0.0137

0.0418

−0.0388

− 0.0207

− 0.0469

0.0039

(0.0249)

(0.0414)

(0.0312)

(0.0177)

(0.0286)

(0.0224)

36–47 months

−0.1208***

− 0.0644

− 0.1489***

−0.0667***

− 0.0848***

−0.0516**

(0.0261)

(0.0454)

(0.0323)

(0.0186)

(0.0303)

(0.0236)

48–59 months

− 0.1392***

− 0.1195***

− 0.1513***

− 0.1170***

− 0.1306***

− 0.1065***

(0.0257)

(0.0457)

(0.0311)

(0.0191)

(0.0309)

(0.0244)

Female

−0.0081

−0.0060

− 0.0076

0.0049

0.0093

0.0037

(0.0187)

(0.0315)

(0.0232)

(0.0132)

(0.0214)

(0.0168)

Birth order

−0.0056

− 0.0060

− 0.0028

− 0.0095*

−0.0067

− 0.0101

(0.0072)

(0.0159)

(0.0082)

(0.0054)

(0.0094)

(0.0067)

Delivered at health facility

−0.0024

0.0423

−0.0136

0.0356**

0.0765**

0.0241

(0.0225)

(0.0448)

(0.0263)

(0.0169)

(0.0379)

(0.0187)

Mother’s age at birth

0.0048**

0.0073*

0.0029

0.0056***

0.0070***

0.0045**

(0.0022)

(0.0042)

(0.0027)

(0.0016)

(0.0026)

(0.0020)

Years of schooling

0.0038***

0.0041

0.0033**

0.0054***

0.0042

0.0056**

(0.0015)

(0.0029)

(0.0016)

(0.0020)

(0.0030)

(0.0027)

Number of co-resident women

−0.0181

−0.0136

−0.0179

−0.0179*

−0.0344*

−0.0063

(0.0131)

(0.0203)

(0.0169)

(0.0101)

(0.0179)

(0.0122)

Married/Consensual union

0.0254

0.0318

0.0181

0.0716***

0.0809**

0.0568**

(0.0328)

(0.0534)

(0.0429)

(0.0215)

(0.0333)

(0.0282)

Christian

0.0741**

0.0833

0.0790**

0.0320

0.0266

0.0284

(0.0315)

(0.0952)

(0.0351)

(0.0262)

(0.0567)

(0.0293)

Moslem

0.0806**

0.0610

0.0962**

0.0807***

0.0198

0.1044***

(0.0349)

(0.1010)

(0.0402)

(0.0284)

(0.0605)

(0.0328)

Media exposure

0.0162

0.0265

0.0152

0.0303

0.0327

0.0274

(0.0268)

(0.0663)

(0.0302)

(0.0214)

(0.0506)

(0.0232)

Employed – family/others

0.1169***

0.0449

0.1439***

−0.0097

−0.0338

0.0116

(0.0386)

(0.0623)

(0.0502)

(0.0230)

(0.0356)

(0.0306)

Employed - self

0.1068***

0.0587

0.1228***

0.0306

0.0122

0.0493*

(0.0349)

(0.0513)

(0.0469)

(0.0197)

(0.0299)

(0.0264)

Has valid health insurance

0.0585***

0.0955***

0.0449*

0.0458***

0.0617**

0.0343*

(0.0210)

(0.0359)

(0.0265)

(0.0148)

(0.0249)

(0.0185)

Distance to facility is a problem

−0.0174

−0.0801*

−0.0037

−0.0213

−0.0289

− 0.0160

(0.0212)

(0.0474)

(0.0242)

(0.0156)

(0.0290)

(0.0183)

Middle

0.0612**

0.0549

0.0600*

−0.0337

0.0003

−0.0410

(0.0301)

(0.0662)

(0.0354)

(0.0208)

(0.0362)

(0.0267)

High

0.0926***

0.0638

0.1055**

−0.0878***

−0.0433

− 0.1313***

(0.0328)

(0.0668)

(0.0424)

(0.0263)

(0.0377)

(0.0444)

Regional dummies

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Observations

2147

709

1438

4386

1743

2643

  1. Standard errors in parentheses ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1