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Table 8 Estimates of association between different frequency of each subtype of child maltreatment and adulthood wages: gender difference

From: Association of Child Maltreatment with South African Adults’ Wages: Evidence from the Cape Area Panel Study

Variables

H2S

MLE

Weighted MLE

Coefficient

Standard error

Coefficient

Standard error

Coefficient

Standard error

Male (N = 1197)

 Put down (low)

−0.04

(0.04)

−0.04

(0.04)

−0.03

(0.05)

 Put down (high)

−0.17**

(0.08)

−0.16**

(0.08)

−0.14*

(0.08)

 Afraid of hurt (low)

−0.04

(0.05)

−0.03

(0.05)

−0.03

(0.05)

 Afraid of hurt (high)

−0.23**

(0.11)

−0.23**

(0.11)

−0.30***

(0.11)

 Push (low)

−0.07

(0.04)

−0.06

(0.04)

−0.09*

(0.05)

 Push (high)

−0.18*

(0.10)

−0.17*

(0.10)

−0.19

(0.12)

 Hit hard (low)

−0.06

(0.06)

−0.05

(0.06)

−0.09

(0.08)

 Hit hard (high)

−0.02

(0.13)

−0.01

(0.13)

−0.10

(0.16)

Female (N = 1447)

 Put down (low)

−0.09

(0.06)

−0.04

(0.04)

−0.09*

(0.05)

 Put down (high)

−0.16*

(0.09)

−0.11

(0.07)

−0.17*

(0.09)

 Afraid of hurt (low)

−0.13**

(0.06)

−0.10**

(0.05)

−0.12**

(0.06)

 Afraid of hurt (high)

−0.12

(0.11)

−0.10

(0.10)

−0.14

(0.11)

 Push (low)

−0.20***

(0.06)

−0.17***

(0.04)

−0.19***

(0.05)

 Push (high)

−0.30**

(0.13)

−0.31***

(0.09)

−0.35***

(0.06)

 Hit hard (low)

−0.05

(0.07)

−0.04

(0.06)

−0.10

(0.07)

 Hit hard (high)

−0.27*

(0.14)

−0.28**

(0.14)

−0.29***

(0.09)

  1. Note: Coefficients for each subtype of child maltreatment come from separated regressions. Regressions in Heckman outocme equation with controls including gender, race, age, age squared, education level, marital status, home language, household size, female-headed household, mother’s education and household per capita income. Controls in Heckman selection equation are the same elements plus “have a child” and “in school”. “low” and “high” refer to low frequency and high frequency respectively. Standard error in parentheses
  2. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1