From: Health Uninsurance in rural America: a partial equilibrium analysis
Authors (Year) “Country of study” | Socioeconomic Variables | Adverse Selection Variables |
---|---|---|
Studies with Pre-existing condition variables | ||
Cardon and Hardel [7] “US” | Age, Sex, Income, Region, | Self-reported heath state, Health Care Cost |
Zhang and Wang [34] “China” | Age, Sex, Marital status, Education, Family size, Income, Type of house | Existing chronic condition |
Gao et al. [13] “China” | Age, Education, Sex, Marital Status, Occupation | Wealth |
Resende and Zeidan [25] “Brazil” | Sex, Age, Income, Number of dependents and Highest Educational Level | Occurrence of illness |
Occupational Groups | ||
Bolhaar et al. [4] “Ireland” | Age, Sex, Educational Level, Employment Status, Household size, Number of children, Marital status, Habitation, Income, Insurance option from Employer, | GP visits, Specialist visits, Hospital nights, Women that gave birth, Poor mental health, Existing Health Problem, Obese, Daily smoker |
Spenkuch [29] Mexico” | Age, Sex, habitation, education, household size, household assets, household expenditure, healthcare expenditure. | Self-rated health status, BMI, Blood pressure, Preventive care, medical utilization |
Dardanoni and Donni [11] “United States” | Age, Sex, Education, Wealth, Employment, income | Hospital admission, average number of disease |
Studies with variables representing Risk Attitudes | ||
Schmitz [26] “Germany” | 11-point scale on willingness to take risk | |
Johar and Savage [15] “Australia” | Age, Education, Income, Cognition, Expectation | Risk Tolerance |
Studies with variables representing both Pre-existing Conditions and Risk attitudes | ||
Buchmueller et al. [6] “Australia” | Age, Sex, Income, Highest Educational Level | Risk Attitudes |
Smoker Status, Level of activity (Exercises) | ||
Checks of Freckles and Moles, Kessler PDS | ||
Pre-existing Condition | ||
Inpatient Stay in the past 12 months | ||
Self-reported health condition | ||
Keane and Stavrunova [16]. “United States” | Age, Sex, Race, Marital Status, Highest Level of Education, Income | Pre-existing Condition |
Health factor, Total medical expenditure | ||
Subjective probability to live to 75 years or more | ||
Risk Attitude | ||
Risk tolerance, Financial planning Horizon | ||
Polyakova [24] “Germany” | Age, Sex, Income, Worktime, Educational Level, Marital Status, Number of Children, House size, Occupation of spouse, Employs house help | Pre-existing Condition |
BMI, annual no. of outpatient visits, inpatient stays, smoker status, Self-reported suffering from diseases (asthma, cancer, cardiac, dementia, depression, diabetes, high blood pressure, migraine, stroke) | ||
Risk Attitude | ||
Question on desire to take health risks |