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Table 1 The four categories of randomised controlled trials of telehealth interventions for children included in the review and the measures used to assess their value

From: The medium, the message and the measure: a theory-driven review on the value of telehealth as a patient-facing digital health innovation

Group

Study

Modality

Service

Risk of Bias

Outcome

Satisfaction

Cost

1

Nelson et al. 2011 [22]

Text message versus telephone message

Reminder of dental care visit

Low Risk

Yes1DC

No

No

1

Goldman et al. 2004 [23]

Email versus telephone call

Reminder of post-emergency care visit

Low Risk

Yes1IR

Yes3D

No

1

Bigna et al. 2014 [24]

Text message versus telephone call

Reminder of HIV care follow-up visit

Low Risk

Yes2DC

No

Yes1S

1

Szilagyi et al. 2013 [25]

Letter versus telephone message

Reminder of immunisation and preventive visit

Low Risk

Yes2CA

No

Yes1S

1

Vivier et al. 2000 [26]

Letter versus telephone call

Reminder of immunisation visit

Low Risk

Yes2CA

No

No

1

Franzini et al. 2000 [27]

Postcard versus telephone message

Reminder of immunisation visit

Low Risk

Yes2CA

No

Yes1S

1

Dini et al. 2000 [28]

Letter versus telephone message

Reminder of immunisation visit

Low Risk

Yes2CA

Yes3D

Yes3S

1

Lieu et al. 1998 [29]

Letter versus telephone message

Reminder of immunisation visit

Low Risk

Yes2CA

Yes3D

Yes1S

2

Looman et al. 2015 [30]

Videoconferencing versus telephone call

Care coordination in complex multimorbidity

Low Risk

No

Yes2D

No

2

McCrossan et al. 2012 [31]

Videoconferencing versus telephone call

Home support in congenital heart disease

Low Risk

No

Yes1S,1D

Yes1S

2

Morgan et al. 2008 [32]

Videoconferencing versus telephone call

Home support in congenital heart disease

Low Risk

Yes1CO

Yes1S,1D

No

2

O’Shea et al. 2007 [33]

Telephone call versus in-person

Post-discharge follow-up in chronic lung disease

Low Risk

Yes2CO

No

Yes2S

2

Cadario et al. 2007 [34]

Internet versus in-person

Blood glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes

Some Concerns

Yes1CO

No

Yes1S

2

Carlsen et al. 2017 [35]

Internet versus in-person

Monitoring in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Low Risk

Yes2CO

Yes3D

Yes1S,1D

2

Akobeng et al. 2015 [36]

Telephone call versus in-person

Monitoring in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Some Concerns

Yes2CO

Yes2D

Yes1S

2

Tsafack et al. 2015 [37]

Telephone beep versus in-person

Post-immunisation monitoring of adverse events

Low Risk

Yes1CI

No

No

3

Catenacci et al. 2014 [38]

Internet versus printed material

Intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour

Low Risk

Yes2CO

Yes1D

No

3

Davis et al. 2016 [39]

Videoconferencing versus telephone call

Behavioural group intervention for obesity

Low Risk

Yes2CO

Yes2D

No

3

Plonka et al. 2013 [40]

Telephone call versus in-person

Intervention to prevent dental caries

Low Risk

Yes1CO

No

No

3

Chan et al. 2007 [41]

Internet versus in-person

Education in asthma

Low Risk

Yes1CA

Yes2D

Yes2S,1D

3

Patten et al. 2006 [42]

Internet versus in-person

Counselling for smoking cessation

Low Risk

Yes2CO

Yes1D

No

3

Oda et al. 1995 [43]

Telephone versus in-person

Education to receive preventive services

Low Risk

Yes2CA

No

No

3

Ruble et al. 2013 [44]

Internet versus in-person

Teacher coaching on autism

Low Risk

Yes2CO

Yes2S,2D

No

3

Duke et al. 2016 [45]

Videoconferencing versus in-person

Intervention on family support in diabetes

Low Risk

Yes2CO

No

No

4

Turner et al. 2014 [46]

Telephone versus in-person

CBT for obsessive compulsive disorder

Low Risk

Yes2CO

Yes1D

No

4

Comer et al. 2017 [47]

Videoconferencing versus in-person

CBT for obsessive compulsive disorder

Low Risk

Yes2CO

Yes2S,2D

No

4

Levy et al. 2017 [48]

Telephone versus in-person

CBT for functional abdominal pain

Low Risk

Yes2CO

Yes2D

Yes2S,2D

4

Himle et al. 2012 [49]

Videoconferencing versus in-person

Behaviour therapy for tic disorder

Low Risk

Yes2CO

Yes2D

No

4

Grogan-Johnson et al. 2012 [50]

Videoconferencing versus in-person

Speech therapy

Some Concerns

Yes2CO

Yes3S,3D

No

4

Nelson et al. 2003 [51]

Videoconferencing versus in-person

CBT for depression

Low Risk

Yes1CO

Yes2D

No

4

Kopycka-Kedzierawski et al. 2013 [52]

Videoconferencing versus in-person

Assessing dental caries

Low Risk

Yes2CA

Yes3S,3D

No

4

McConnochie et al. 2016 [53]

Videoconferencing versus in-person

Evaluation and treatment of acute illnesses

Some Concerns

Yes2CA

No

No

  1. Note: Internet modality refers to interactive websites/apps; CBT Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Superscript 1 = significant, 2 = not significant, 3 = no head-to-head comparison; D demand side, S supply side, CI Clinical Interaction, IR Information Received, DC Decision Changed, CA Care Altered, CO Clinical Outcome