Effect of pecuniary costs and time costs on choice of healthcare providers among caregivers of febrile children in rural Papua New Guinea

Takahiro Tsukahara; Takuma Sugahara; Seiritsu Ogura; Francis Wanak Hombhanje

doi:10.1186/s13561-019-0250-x

Table 5 Mixed logit model estimation

From: Effect of pecuniary costs and time costs on choice of healthcare providers among caregivers of febrile children in rural Papua New Guinea

	Model 1			Model 2
	Health center	Aid post	VHV	Health center	Aid post	VHV
Pecuniary costs	−0.269***	−0.269***	−0.269***
Pecuniary costs	(0.079)	(0.079)	(0.079)
Time costs				− 0.105***	− 0.105***	− 0.105***
Time costs				(0.024)	(0.024)	(0.024)
Total cost
Illness severity	1.205***	0.775*	0.815***	1.224***	0.840**	0.875***
Illness severity	(0.352)	(0.415)	(0.240)	(0.331)	(0.416)	(0.243)
Age	−0.037	−0.057	0.022	− 0.063	− 0.067	0.033
Age	(0.043)	(0.054)	(0.029)	(0.040)	(0.054)	(0.029)
Male	0.301	−0.593	−0.700***	0.177	−0.531	−0.759***
Male	(0.351)	(0.397)	(0.235)	(0.321)	(0.395)	(0.237)
Caregiver’s education	−0.026	0.107	0.035	−0.033	0.125*	0.052
Caregiver’s education	(0.064)	(0.075)	(0.042)	(0.059)	(0.075)	(0.042)
Western medicine	0.064	−0.699	0.032	0.019	−0.742*	−0.020
Western medicine	(0.354)	(0.427)	(0.239)	(0.320)	(0.424)	(0.240)
Asset index	0.240*	−0.223	−0.049	0.187	−0.199	−0.066
Asset index	(0.141)	(0.195)	(0.087)	(0.118)	(0.203)	(0.088)
Household size	−0.076	− 0.188**	−0.012	−0.086	−0.169*	0.000
Household size	(0.069)	(0.091)	(0.045)	(0.061)	(0.091)	(0.046)
Constant	0.354	0.559	−0.465	1.802**	1.801*	−0.261
Constant	(0.812)	(0.936)	(0.519)	(0.858)	(0.986)	(0.535)
Random component
Pecuniary costs	0.150	0.150	0.150
Pecuniary costs	(0.061)	(0.061)	(0.061)
Time costs				0.016	0.016	0.016
				(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.049)
Total cost
N	439			439
Log likelihood	− 451.463			− 446.677
AIC	954.926			945.355
Pseudo R2	0.082			0.091
	Model 3			Model 4
	Health center	Aid post	VHV	Health center	Aid post	VHV
Pecuniary costs	−0.207**	−0.207**	−0.207**
Pecuniary costs	(0.092)	(0.092)	(0.092)
Time costs	−0.091***	−0.091***	−0.091***
Time costs	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.023)
Total cost				−0.097***	−0.097***	−0.097***
Total cost				(0.025)	(0.025)	(0.025)
Illness severity	1.375***	0.837**	0.845***	1.338***	0.851**	0.880***
Illness severity	(0.372)	(0.423)	(0.242)	(0.370)	(0.430)	(0.244)
Age	0.242	−0.580	−0.755***	0.245	−0.596	−0.753***
Age	(0.367)	(0.404)	(0.238)	(0.356)	(0.408)	(0.239)
Male	−0.050	−0.076	0.031	− 0.061	−0.066	0.031
Male	(0.045)	(0.056)	(0.029)	(0.043)	(0.056)	(0.029)
Caregiver’s education	−0.057	0.130*	0.046	−0.037	0.123	0.049
Caregiver’s education	(0.068)	(0.078)	(0.042)	(0.066)	(0.078)	(0.042)
Western medicine	0.075	−0.818*	−0.033	0.023	−0.754*	−0.027
Western medicine	(0.369)	(0.436)	(0.242)	(0.355)	(0.438)	(0.243)
Asset index	0.262*	−0.240	− 0.058	0.247*	−0.207	−0.063
Asset index	(0.149)	(0.206)	(0.087)	(0.139)	(0.206)	(0.088)
Household size	− 0.078	−0.176*	−0.001	−0.087	−0.179*	−0.002
Household size	(0.072)	(0.092)	(0.046)	(0.068)	(0.093)	(0.047)
Constant	2.132**	1.984*	−0.190	1.926**	1.890*	−0.206
Constant	(0.966)	(1.025)	(0.532)	(0.934)	(1.052)	(0.542)
Random component
Pecuniary costs	0.181	0.181	0.181
Pecuniary costs	(0.070)	(0.070)	(0.070)
Time costs	0.000	0.000	0.000
Time costs	(0.060)	(0.060)	(0.060)
Total cost				0.033	0.033	0.033
Total cost				(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.021)
N	439			439
Log likelihood	− 442.545			− 444.710
AIC	941.089			941.421
Pseudo R²	0.100			0.095

VHV village health volunteer
*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1

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ISSN: 2191-1991

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