Determinants of healthcare seeking and out-of-pocket expenditures in a “free” healthcare system: evidence from rural Malawi

Table 3 Individual out-of-pocket expenditure^b on medical treatment among individuals seeking care at a healthcare facility (n = 1884; zeros excluded)

	N	%	Mean^a	SD^a	Median^a	Min^a	Max^a
Out-of-pocket expenditures on medical treatment^c	494	26.22	678.45	758.63	350	10	2500
Transportation expenditure	403	21.39	516.13	458.55	400	20	2000

SD Standard Deviation, MWK Malawian Kwacha
^aValues are expressed in MWK (249.11 MWK = 1 USD at time of data collection (World Bank, 2019))
^bWinsorized direct costs (excluding zeros): Replacement of the right outliners with the 95th percentile (Facility healthcare expenditures) or the 95th percentile (transport expenses)
^cOut-of-pocket expenditures on medical treatment for formal care include all consultation and treatment expenses, including: laboratory tests (x-rays etc.), drugs (tablets, injections, infusions, topical preparations etc.), medical devices (crutches, glasses etc.), as well as informal fees

ISSN: 2191-1991