Table 1 Overview of the five economic evaluations reviewed by study characteristics and outcomes with all costs in 2018 US

Cipriano LE et al., 2012 [44]

United States

US Urban center

Societal^a

Cost-utility

Deterministic dynamic compartmental model

20 years

IDU’s and non-IDU’s in opioid replacement therapy

One-time and repeat interval screening

ICER; Costs per life year; $36,081 per QALY versus one-time screening

Sanders GD et al., 2010 [46]

United States

US

Perfect insurer^b

Cost-effectiveness

Markov model

Lifetime

Emergency department

Model A: traditional HIV counseling and testing; Model B: nurse-initiated routine screening with traditional HIV testing and counseling; Model C: nurse-initiated routine screening with rapid HIV testing and streamlined counseling

Cost per QALY vs Model A:

Model B: Extended dominance

Model C: $ 42,769 /QALY;

Cost per life year (LY) vs Model A

Model B: Extended dominance

Model C: $ 31,392.35 /LY

Dowdy DW et al., 2011 [45]

United States

Emergency departments

Societal^a

Cost-effectiveness

Decision analysis

Lifetime

Persons at higher risk of HIV

Targeted ED HIV screening versus clinic-based approaches

$ 96,727.44 for targeted screening program; $ 53.51 per screening test; $ 90,498.34 /QALY for targeted HIV screening versus clinic-based approaches

Paltiel A D et al., 2005 [47]

United States

USA

Societal^a

Cost-utility

Model-based evaluation: Monte Carlo, state-transition framework

Lifetime

High risk, CDC threshold and US general cohort

Routine voluntary HIVCTR; Testing at presentation with opportunistic infections

High risk population: One-time ELISA versus current practice: $ 51,283.93 /QALY, More frequent screening >$50,000/QALY

In the general population: all screening regiments are >$50,000/QALY

Walensky R P et al., 2005 [48, 49]

United States

Hypothetical cohort of 100 million US inpatients

Societal^a

Cost-utility

State-transition simulation model

Lifetime

Hypothetical cohort of 100 million US inpatients

HIV screening based on HIV prevalence

Screening versus no screening, $ 50,429.20 /QALY in settings with 1% HIV prevalence; $ 91,171.44 in settings with 0.1% HIV prevalence