Table 4 Economic aspects of the articles: currency/year and estimated cost (direct healthcare costs, direct non-medical care costs, indirect costs, and intangible costs)
From: Cost analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review
Article | Year of publication | Direct healthcare costs | Direct non-medical costs | Indirect costs | Intangible costs | Currency/year | Calculated cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Foo J et al. [6] | 2016 | YES | NO | YES | NO | Dollars – N/A* | Direct healthcare costs: It ranged from US$ 504 (South Korea) to US$ 9981. Indirect costs: Ranged from $979 (RuYESa) to $20,844 (U.S.). |
Wacker M. E et al. [7] | 2016 | YES | NO | YES | NO | Euros/2012 | Direct healthcare costs: 2595 for COPD Grade 1, 3475 for Grade 2, 5955 for Grade 3 and 8924 for Grade 4. Indirect costs: 8.621 Grade 1, 9871 Grade 2, 16,550 Grade 3 and 27,658 Grade 4. |
Chen W et al. [8] | 2017 | YES | NO | NO | NO | Canadian dollars /2015 | Direct medical costs: per patient/year were CAD 5196 (€3668). |
Tachkov K et al. [9] | 2017 | NO | NO | YES | YES | Euros – N/A | Indirect costs: average annual per patient €521.45. The average due to early retirement €25,000 (€6250 per patient) and for presenteeism €3750.64 per year. Intangible costs: a patient with mild COPD spends 0.62 years of his or her life in disability, moderate 6.00 and severe 9.00. This amounts to indirect costs of: €3.596,52; €34.204,01 and €51.332,20. |
Wacker M. E et al. [10] | 2017 | YES | NO | YES | NO | Euros/2012 | Direct healthcare costs: 7263 per patient (48.8% hospitalization, 34.1% prescribed medication, 11.7% medical and outpatient consultations and 7.4% rehabilitation and physiotherapy). Indirect costs: €23.298. |
Quang Vo T et al. [11] | 2018 | YES | NO | NO | NO | Dollars /2017 | Direct healthcare costs: ranged from $22.4 to $32.7 per outpatient visit and from $180.9 to $386.9 per inpatient visit. |
Lakiang T et al. [12] | 2018 | YES | YES | YES | NO | Indian Rupee (Rs) – N/A | Direct healthcare costs: 29.885 ± 11.995,33 Rs. Direct non-medical costs: 7.441,25 ± 2.228,90 Rs. Indirect costs: The mean absenteeism observed in the last 28 days was 193.50 ± 33.62 h. The mean absolute absenteeism was 72.05 ± 7.55 h. |
Lisspers K et al. [13] | 2018 | YES | NO | YES | NO | Euros/2013 | Direct costs: €13.179. Indirect costs: €28,000 per patient. |
Merino M et al. [14] | 2018 | YES | YES | YES | NO | Euros/2015 | Average annual cost per patient of €3077. Direct healthcare costs: € 1.645 (43,8%). Direct non-medical costs: € 1.440 (38,3%). Indirect costs: € 672 (17,9%). |
Patel JG et al. [15] | 2018 | YES | NO | YES | NO | USD/2010 | Direct healthcare costs: $6246 patient/year. Indirect costs: Productivity loss was 5 more days/year of absence from work in COPD patients and an increase for short-term disability of $641. Direct costs for frequent and infrequent exacerbators were significantly higher than for nonexacerbators. |
Stafyla E et al. [16] | 2018 | YES | YES | NO | NO | Euros – N/A | Total direct cost: The mean annual direct cost per stable disease was estimated at €1034.55 per patient, of which €222.94 corresponded to out-of-pocket payments. The annual cost ranged from €408.23 to €2041.89 according to GOLD stages (I-IV) and from €550.01 to €1480 according to GOLD groups (A-D). |
Zhu B et al. [17] | 2018 | YES | YES | YES | YES | USD – N/A | Total direct cost: 499–1.930 USD per capita per year. Direct medical costs: 72–3.565 USD per capita per year. Indirect costs: 20–783 USD per capita per year Intangible costs: quality of life status is worse among patients with COPD than in patients without COPD and they are at a higher risk of suffering depression. |
Changhwan Kim M. D et al. [18] | 2019 | YES | YES | YES | NO | USD – N/A | Total costs: 1245 million USD. Direct healthcare costs: 206.909 thousand USD (formal) AND 44.239 thousand USD (informal) Direct non-medical costs: USD 4262 thousand (transportation) and USD 486.3 million (nursing) Indirect costs: 407,771 thousand (lost productivity) and USD 96,153 thousand (premature deaths). |
Rehman A et al. [19] | 2019 | YES | NO | NO | NO | USD – 2019 | Direct healthcare costs: In the USA, the annual direct medical cost was $10,367 and the hospitalization cost was $6852. In Asia, the annual direct medical cost per patient in Iran, Korea and Singapore was $1544, $3077 and $2335, respectively. That of hospitalization in Iran, Korea, Singapore, India, China, and Turkey was $865, $1371, $1868, $296, $1477 and $1031, respectively. In Europe, the annual direct medical cost per patient was $11,787 (Norway), $10,552 (Denmark), $8644 (Germany), $8203 (Italy), $7760 (Sweden), $3190 (Greece), $1889 (Spain), $2162 (Belgium) and $2254 (Serbia). |
Viinanen A et al. [20] | 2019 | YES | NO | NO | NO | Euros – N/A | Direct healthcare costs: 3300–3900 per patient per year. Severe disease €564 vs non-severe €319 (patient/year) Severe COPD patients with eosinophils €5215 vs non-eosinophilic COPD €4456 and €2538 in patients with unknown eosinophilic status (patient/year). |
Woo L et al. [21] | 2019 | YES | YES | YES | NO | USD/2017 | Total costs: Total annual social costs ranged from $4398 to $23,049 per capita in Japan and from $453 to $12,167 in South Korea. Remaining countries: $2700 (Singapore), $4000 (Taiwan), $3942 (China) and $1105 (Thailand). |
Iheanacho I et al. [22] | 2020 | YES | YES | YES | NO | N/A | Direct costs: Most studies reported data from Europe or North America. Trends were observed in multiple studies due to higher direct costs being associated with increasingly severe COPD and/or a history of more frequent or severe exacerbations. Indirect costs: Not significant. |
Rehman A et al. [23] | 2020 | YES | YES | YES | NO | Euros/2019 | Direct costs: per patient per year was €10,701 (Norway), €9580 (Denmark), €7847 (Germany), €7448 (Italy), €7045 (Sweden), €2896 (Greece), €1963 (Belgium) and €2047 (Serbia). Indirect costs: Loss of productivity was highest in Germany €5735 and lowest in Greece €998. It was estimated at €4824 (Bulgaria), €2033 (Denmark) and €1298 (Sweden). |