Table 2 Summary of methodologies used to assess direct healthcare costs using self-reported data
From: Assessing direct healthcare costs when restricted to self-reported data: a scoping review
Study | Disease / condition | Tool/dataset to collect self-reported data on healthcare resources | Standardised tools for sub-group analysis of costs by health status | Healthcare resources included in cost estimates: Self-reported | Healthcare services included in cost estimates: Other data sourcesb | Recall periods of self-reported healthcare resources | Where do unit prices come from | Cost estimation: 1. Extrapolation to national level 2. Perspective 3. Costing method 4. Additional details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carney et al. (2018) [15] | Multiple sclerosis; relapse of multiple sclerosis | Ad-hoc dedicated survey (n = 594)d: CSRI administered to patients registered with national patient association | EQ 5D-5L; EQ-VAS | Inpatient hospital care, nursing home, rehabilitation, respite care, radiological investigations, laboratory investigations, other investigations, outpatient services, emergency department visits, primary care, specialist services, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, aids | Medication (literature) | Varying: 1 week, 6 months or 12 months; full duration of disease; during last period of relapse | National casemix/DRGs, national salary scales, national literature, Irish HC professionals (expert opinion), Irish central statistics office, other company and service price lists | 1.yes 2.Societal 3. Bottom-up 4. Cost of appliances annualised with 4% discount rate |
Ceilleachair et al. (2017) [16] | Colorectal cancer | Ad-hoc dedicated survey (n = 497): patient economic impact questionnaire e | Stratification by disease stage (tool not mentioned) | Out of pocket costs for primary care, medication, appliances | None | Since diagnosis | Survey specifically asking about costs | 1. No 2. Patient 3. Bottom-up |
Connolly et al. (2014) [17] | Dementia | Use of existing data from ECAD study in Gillespie et al. (2013) | Dependence Scale; Disability Assessment for Dementia scale; Mini-Mental State Examination scale; Neuropsychiatric Inventory | Primary care, community care, medication | GP services, respite care, nurse, physiotherapist, psychologist, chiropodist, occupational therapist, outpatient consultations, emergency admissions, medication (prior publications: Enhancing Care in Alzheimer’s disease (ECAD) study (Gallagher et al., 2010; Gillespie et al., 2012). | Varying: 6 months, 12 months | National casemix/DRGs, national salary scales, national literature, Irish central statistics office | 1. Yes 2. Societal 3. Top-down and bottom-up |
Dee et al. (2015) [18] | Overweight and obesity (body mass index > 25) | SLÁN 2007 & QNHS Q3 | / | GP services, outpatient costs (taken from Doherty et al., 2013 [19] | GP services (Doherty et al. 2012 using SLAN), hospital inpatient care & day case care (HIPE in ROI, HIS in NI), medication (PCRS in ROI and BSO in NI) | 12 months | National casemix/DRGs, national pharma database, national salary scales, social welfare data, national literature, Irish central statistics office | 1. Yes 2. Societal 3. Bottom-up |
Doherty et al. (2013) [19] | Overweight and obesity (body mass index > 25) | SLÁN 2007 & QNHS Q3 | General Health scale (5-fold) | GP services, inpatient hospital care, hospital day case services | None | 12 months | Average consumer fees for GP care; National literature | 1. Yes 2. Healthcare servicesa 3. Bottom-up |
Doherty and O’Neill (2014) [20] | Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis amongst older adults | TILDA | No tool mentioned | GP services, outpatient hospital services, emergency dept. visits, hospital inpatient care | None | 12 months | National literature | 1. Yes 2. Healthcare servicesa 3. Bottom-up |
Fogarty et al. (2014) [21] | Multiple sclerosis | Ad-hoc Dedicated Survey (n = 214): CSRI administer, patients in St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin | EQ-5D-5L; Extended Disability Status Scale | Inpatient admissions, rehabilitation, nursing home care, outpatient care, primary healthcare visits, respite care, laboratory investigations, radiological investigations, other investigations, medication, mobility and other living aids | None | Varying: 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months; full duration of disease | National casemix/DRGs, national pharma database, national salary scales, social welfare data (national home scheme support), national literature, Irish HC professionals (expert opinion and laboratory and finance departments), Irish central statistics office, other company and service price lists, patient estimates | 1. Yes 2. Societal 3. Bottom-up |
Gannon et al. (2013) [22] | Chronic pain (non-cancer) | Ad-hoc Dedicated PRIME Survey (n = 100): CSRI administer, patients in West of Ireland | No tool mentioned | Inpatient hospital care, outpatient visits to specialty care, outpatient visits to primary care, emergency room visits, ambulance costs, family medical practice nurse, psychologist, psychiatrist, public health nurse, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, chiropractor, acupuncture, homeopathy, prescription medication, mobility equipment | None | 12 months | National casemix/DRGs, national pharma database, national salary scales, Irish HC professionals (expert opinion and laboratory and finance departments), Irish central statistics office | 1. Yes 2. Partial societala 3. Bottom-up 4. Average patient costs across all services and individual patient costs by type of service calculated |
Gillespie et al. (2013) [23] | Alzheimer’s disease & mild cognitive impairment in older adults | ECAD study: Ad-hoc dedicated structured caregiver questionnaire (n = 100); including Resource Utilisation in Dementia Lite Instrument | Dependence Scale; Disability Assessment for Dementia scale; Mini-Mental State Examination scale; Neuropsychiatric Inventory | GP services, inpatient hospital visits, outpatient clinic consultations, emergency dept. visits, respite care, registered nurse, physiotherapist, psychologist, chiropodist, occupational therapist | None | 6 months | National casemix/DRGs, national salary scales, national literature, Irish central statistics office | 1. No 2. Partial societala 3. Bottom-up |
Perry et al. (2017) [24] | Childhood Obesity | GUI cohort ‘98 | No tool mentioned | GP services | Hospital inpatient and day care costs, length of stay, mental health outpatient services, medication, specialist services including physiotherapy, psychologists, dieticians, nurses and administrative staff | 12 months | National casemix/DRGs, national pharma database, staff costs of specialist childhood obesity unit, national literature, Irish healthcare services (primary care and hospitals), Irish central statistics office (National Employment Survey; National statistics) | 1. Yes 2. Public healthcare 3. Top-down and bottom-up |
Petrou et al. (2009) [25] | Extremely Preterm Birth (20–25 weeks) | EPICure Study: Postal questionnaire completed by parents (n = 331) | 15-item Health Utilities Index (HUI2 & HUI3 health status classifications) and various standard tools to assess health and disability status | Hospital inpatient service, hospital day care services, community health services, prescription medication | None | 12 months | UK national reference costs; National compendium by the Personal Social Services Research Unit at the University of Kent provided community health and social services unit costs | 1. No 2. Public sector 3. Bottom-up 4. UK economic evaluation guidelines used |
Petrou et al. (2013) [26] | Extremely Preterm Birth (20–25 weeks) | EPICure Study: Postal questionnaire completed by parents (n = 331) c | 15-item Health Utilities Index (HUI2 & HUI3 health status classifications) and various standard tools to assess health and disability status | Hospital inpatient care, hospital day care, outpatient services, community health services, prescription medication | None | 12 months | UK national reference costs; National compendium by the Personal Social Services Research Unit at the University of Kent provided community health and social services unit costs | 1. No 2. Public sector 3. Bottom-up 4. UK economic evaluation guidelines used |
Raftery et al. (2012) [27] | Chronic pain (non-cancer) | Dedicated telephone interview - CSRI; sample (n = 140) drawn from PRIME Study; | Chronic pain grade questionnaire to assess age-standardised costs in each pain grade | GP services, emergency dept. visits, inpatient hospital stays, outpatient appointments, prescription & non-prescription medication, complementary and alternative therapies (including psychologists, physiotherapy, chiropractor) | None | 12 months | National casemix/DRGs; Irish healthcare services | 1. Yes 2. Partial societala 3. Bottom-up |
Richardson et al. (2012) [28] | Polypharmacy in adults over 50 | TILDA | General Health scale (5-fold) | Medication, food supplements | None | Daily or weekly use at time of interview | National pharma database | 1. Yes 2. Healthcare 3. Bottom-up |