Author, year, country, source number | Type of study | Setting, age PwD (age CG), dementia stage | Method / data analysis | n | Dementia severity definition | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Teipel et al. (2015) Germany [35] | Cohort study | Community-dwelling; 79.1; MMSE 21–23 | t-tests | 176 dyads | MMSE | Neuropsychiatric symptoms in a primary care cohort with dementia were associated with resource utilization and distress of caregivers. |
Sköldunger et al. (2018) Sweden [42] | Cross-sectional | Nursing home population; 86; GCS severe 15.7%, moderate 25.7% | OLSa, GLMb | 4831 | Gottfries cognitive scale (GCS) | Impaired cognitive function and functional dependency increases the resource use in nursing homes. |
Neubauer et al. (2008) Germany [36] | Cross-sectional | Community-dwelling; 80 (59.4); MMSE 18.6, NOSGERc 19.9 | OLS, logit | 313 | MMSE, NOSGER | Previous studies underestimated costs of informal care because the time of informal caregivers other than the primary caregiver was not considered. |
Hajek et al. (2016) Germany [45] | Longitudinal | Community-dwelling; 85 at baseline, MMSE 20.1 | OLS REd | 126 | CDRe, GDS, MMSE | Informal caregiving time strongly increased with dementia severity. |
Nordberg et al. (2005) Sweden [37] | Cross-sectional | Home-dwelling; 81.8; MMSE 25 | Bivariate regression | 740 | MMSE, CDR | There is a stronger relationship between the severity of the cognitive decline and the amount of informal care rather than formal care. |
Nordberg et al. (2007) Sweden [38] | Cross-sectional | Community-dwelling; 84.6; MMSE 13 | Tobit regression | 176 | MMSE, CDR | There is a variation in time use in institutional settings due to differences in ADL dependency, but also whether dementia is present or not. This variation has implications for costs of institutional care. |
Luttenberger et al. (2012) Germany [39] | Cross-sectional, longitudinal | Nursing home; 84.7; MMSE 15.2 | Regression | 160 | MMSE | The 6-month non-pharmacological intervention improved dementia symptoms in nursing home residents, especially in social behavior and IADL capabilities, but no effect was seen on informal care time. |
Parrotta et al. (2020) Cross-countryf [40] | Cross-sectional | Community-dwelling; 81.9 (62); MMSE 12.5 | Regression | 1223 | MMSE | Depression in PwD is associated with an increased burden and distress of informal caregivers and a reduction of their quality of life. |