Which factors increase informal care hours and societal costs among caregivers of people with dementia? A systematic review of Resource Utilization in Dementia (RUD)

Angeles, Renira C.; Berge, Line I.; Gedde, Marie H.; Kjerstad, Egil; Vislapuu, Maarja; Puaschitz, Nathalie G.; Husebo, Bettina S.

doi:10.1186/s13561-021-00333-z

Table 4 Economic evaluations using RUD

From: Which factors increase informal care hours and societal costs among caregivers of people with dementia? A systematic review of Resource Utilization in Dementia (RUD)

Author, year, country, source number	Type of health care system (insurance)	Valuation year, currency, unit	N	Cost variables identified	Perspective	Total societal cost	Informal cost/total societal cost (%)
Darba et al. (2016) Spain [68]	Public	2013, EUR, monthly	343	Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs	Individual societal	5362
Michalowsky et al. (2018) Germany [72]	Public	2015, EUR, monthly	425	Formal cost, medical care, informal care, indirect	Individual and societal perspective	2156.4	71%
Åkerborg et al. (2016) Sweden [57]	Public	2012, EUR, monthly	170	Medical care, formal care, informal care	Individual	3604.10	9.3%
Boström et al. (2007) Sweden [50]	Public	2005, EUR, monthly	DLB: 34, AD: 34	Medical care, formal care, indirect costs	Societal	DLB: 28974.3, AD: 14079.6	DLB: 26.9%, AD: 39%
Carter et al. (2019) Ireland [55]	Private	2017, EUR, monthly	42	Medical, formal care, informal care	Individual		24.3%
Ersek et al. (2010) Hungary [58]	Public	2008, EUR, monthly	74	Medical, formal care, informal care	Individual, Societal	1649	17%
Farre et al. (2018) Spain [59]	Public	2017, EUR, monthly	287	Indirect cost (loss of labour working hours)	Societal	HC: 411.5, LTIC: 326.3
Gustavsson et al. (2011b) Cross-country [60]		2006, GBP, annual	2744	Formal care, informal care	Societal	Mild: 9308 (10,924; 13,353) Mod.: 13980 (16,408; 20,055, Sev.: 19957 (23,422; 28,629)	87–93%
Gustavsson et al. (2011a) Cross-country [62]		2007, GBP, monthly	1222	Formal care, medical costs, informal care	Societal	HC: 15786, LTIC: 30037	30–60%
Gustavsson et al. (2010) Cross-country [61]		2006, EUR, monthly		Formal care, medical costs, informal care	Individual, societal	NE: 505, WE: 690, SE: 587.5	NE: 47%, WE: 36.9%, SE: 77.9%
Vossius et al. (2019) [49] Norway	Public	2017, EUR, monthly	257	Formal care, medical costs, informal care	Societal	8546	33.4%
Costa et al. (2017) Cross-country [65]		2014, EUR, monthly	1997	Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs	Societal	HC: 445, LTC: 561	HC: 73%, LTC: 53%
Gerves et al. (2013) France [56]	Public	2014, EUR, monthly	53	Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs	Individual, societal	4288.31	77.4%
Wubker et al. (2014) Cross-country [63]		2010, EUR, monthly		Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs	Societal	Estonia: 702.2, the Netherlands: 2450.6, Sweden: 2225	Estonia: 68.2%, the Netherlands: 30.8%, Sweden: 48.3%
Handels et al. (2018) Cross-country [64]		2015, EUR, monthly	451	Formal care, informal care, indirect costs	Societal	17,296 (16634–18,004)	66%
Vandepitte et al. (2020a) Belgium [67]	Public	2018, EUR, monthly	355	Formal care, informal care, indirect costs	Societal, third party payer	2338	45%
Buylova et al. (2020) UK [73]	Private and public	2012, GBP, monthly	79	Formal care, informal, indirect costs	Societal	40,606	29%
Nakabe et al. 2018 Japan [52]	Public	2016, USD, monhtly	330	Informal care, indirect costs	Individual
Nakabe et al. 2019 Japan [51]	Public	2016, USD, monthly	1383	Informal care, indirect costs	Individual
Hojman et al. 2017 Chile [53]	Private	2009, USD, annual	3841	Formal care, medical costs, informal care, indirect costs	Societal	17,599	75

Information on the share of informal care costs to total cost is authors’ own calculations. In Bostrom et al. [50] informal care added as lost production of workers and lost leisure of retired persons, and costs were given according to the following groups: Dementia Lewy Body (DLB) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In Gustavsson et al. [61] costs are divided regionally: North Europe (NE), Western Europe (WE) and Southern Europe (SE). In 5 studies costs were given annually, in 2 studies costs were given weekly and further, 2 studies reported costs by 6 months. All costs were transformed into monthly cost. Currency abbreviations: Euro (EUR), US dollar (USD), Great British Pound (GBP)

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ISSN: 2191-1991

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