Table 2 Multilevel Poisson regression model of risk of catastrophic healthcare expenditure, Bangladesh, 2017 (N = 39,124)

 0–4

1297

19.7 (17.7–21.9)

1.00

 5–9

756

19.5 (16.9–22.4)

0.90 (0.82–0.99)

0.02

 10–14

657

22.0 (19.8–24.4)

0.91 (0.84–1.00)

0.05

 15–19

572

21.7 (19.3–24.4)

0.89 (0.80–0.98)

0.02

 20–24

588

25.9 (23.2–28.7)

0.99 (0.88–1.10)

0.80

 25–64

4742

27.1 (25.8–28.4)

0.89 (0.79–1.00)

0.05

  ≥ 65

944

34.3 (31.6–37.1)

1.05 (0.92–1.19)

0.47

 Male

4326

24.1 (22.7–25.7)

1.00

 Female

5230

25.0 (23.6–26.3)

1.02 (0.98–1.06)

0.38

 Muslim

8657

24.9 (23.6–26.4)

1.00

 Non-Muslim

899

21.3 (18.3–24.7)

0.91 (0.82–1.00)

0.06

 Never married

2358

22.3 (20.2–24.6)

1.00

 Currently married

5535

28.0 (266–29.3)

1.14 (1.04–1.25)

< 0.01

 Widowed^a

643

28.1 (25.5–31.0)

1.14 (1.01–1.27)

0.03

 No

5627

21.2 (19.8–22.6)

1.00

 Yes

3929

32.9 (31.1–34.7)

1.19 (1.14–1.24)

< 0.01

 None

543

11.0 (8.4–14.4)

1.00

 Public hospital

1872

37.7 (34.6–40.9)

2.59 (2.21–3.04)

< 0.01

 Private hospital/clinic

5210

32.8 (31.1–34.5)

2.37 (2.03–2.77)

< 0.01

 Self-medication^b

1931

14.9 (13.4–16.5)

1.32 (1.13–1.55)

< 0.01

 None

8469

22.9 (21.6–24.1)

1.00

 Public hospital

597

56.1 (50.3–61.6)

1.58 (1.48–1.69)

< 0.01

 Private hospital/clinic

490

69.5 (63.4–75.0)

1.78 (1.60–2.00)

< 0.01

 Yes

2573

25.7 (24.1–27.4)

1.00

 No

6349

25.4 (24.0–26.9)

1.02 (0.97–1.07)

0.49

 Q1 (poorest)

970

16.0 (14.3–17.9)

1.00

 Q2

1332

18.6 (16.8–20.5)

1.17 (1.05–1.31)

0.01

 Q3

1681

20.5 (18.6–22.4)

1.35 (1.21–1.50)

< 0.01

 Q4

2276

27.2 (24.4–30.2)

1.70 (1.53–1.9)

< 0.01

 Q5 (richest)

3297

32.8 (29.9–35.8)

2.11 (1.90–2.34)

< 0.01

Household size

–

–

0.97 (0.96–0.99)

< 0.01

 Rural

7207

26.4 (24.9–27.9)

1.00

 Urban

2349

19.4 (17.1–22.0)

0.71 (0.66–0.77)

< 0.01

Total

9556

24.6 (23.3–25.9)