Table 3 Bivariate negative binomial results for the number of ANC visits

 NHIS (base: No)

Yes

1.114^***

1.154^***

1.042

(1.079–1.151)

(1.104–1.206)

(0.996–1.089)

Wealth Quintile (base: Poorest)

 Poorer

1.127^***

1.141^***

1.020

(1.082–1.174)

(1.090–1.195)

(0.931–1.116)

 Middle

1.234^***

1.312^***

1.044

(1.187–1.283)

(1.249–1.378)

(0.970–1.124)

 Richer

1.460^***

1.477^***

1.306^***

(1.414–1.508)

(1.395–1.565)

(1.224–1.393)

Education (base: No Education)

 Primary

1.126^***

1.152^***

1.038

(1.080–1.173)

(1.094–1.212)

(0.968–1.111)

 At least Secondary

1.284^***

1.226^***

1.213^***

(1.244–1.325)

(1.176–1.279)

(1.152–1.277)

Employment (base: Not employed)

 Employed

1.051^**

1.040

1.085^**

(1.014–1.090)

(0.988–1.095)

(1.032–1.141)

Marital status (base: Never married)

 Currently married

1.050

1.006

1.121^***

(1.000–1.103)

(0.939–1.078)

(1.048–1.201)

 Formerly married

1.019

0.993

1.068

(0.946–1.098)

(0.897–1.100)

(0.959–1.190)

 Age

1.003^***

1.001

1.006^***

(1.001–1.005)

(0.998–1.004)

(1.003–1.009)

Religion (base: Christian)

 Moslem

0.958^**

0.972

0.917^***

(0.928–0.990)

(0.928–1.018)

(0.878–0.958)

 Traditional

0.656^***

0.707^***

0.614^***

(0.593–0.726)

(0.634–0.790)

(0.483–0.781)

 No religion

0.739^***

0.765^***

0.757^**

(0.680–0.804)

(0.696–0.841)

(0.638–0.898)

Ethnicity (base: Akan)

 Ga

0.894^**

0.793^***

0.950

(0.833–0.960)

(0.703–0.895)

(0.877–1.029)

 Ewe

0.923^**

0.923^*

0.931^*

(0.879–0.968)

(0.861–0.989)

(0.873–0.994)

 Guan

0.834^***

0.825^***

0.894^***

(0.810–0.858)

(0.792–0.858)

(0.859–0.931)

Residence (base: Urban)

 Rural

0.828^***

(0.806–0.850)

Regional (base: Greater Accra)

 Western

1.003

1.161

1.050

(0.944–1.065)

(0.999–1.348)

(0.975–1.130)

 Central

0.942

1.083

0.981

(0.884–1.004)

(0.929–1.262)

(0.908–1.061)

 Volta

0.809^***

0.919

0.871^**

(0.751–0.872)

(0.782–1.080)

(0.790–0.960)

 Eastern

0.756^***

0.856^*

0.808^***

(0.708–0.807)

(0.733–1.000)

(0.746–0.876)

 Ashanti

0.988

1.178^*

0.965

(0.932–1.049)

(1.004–1.381)

(0.908–1.025)

 Brong Ahafo

0.898^***

1.039

0.926^*

(0.846–0.953)

(0.894–1.208)

(0.860–0.996)

 Northern

0.655^***

0.719^***

0.777^***

(0.616–0.698)

(0.618–0.837)

(0.720–0.839)

 Upper east

0.902^***

1.040

0.954

(0.852–0.954)

(0.898–1.204)

(0.886–1.027)

 Upper west

0.780^***

0.914

0.837^***

(0.736–0.827)

(0.789–1.059)

(0.774–0.906)

 Barriers to Access

0.943^***

0.945^***

0.969^***

(0.933–0.953)

(0.932–0.958)

(0.953–0.986)

 Frequency of watching TV (base: Not at all)

1.179^***

1.206^***

1.071^*

 At least one

(1.132–1.228)

(1.144–1.272)

 N

4169

2457

1712