Table 5 Multivariate Negative Binomial Regression results of effects of NHIS enrolment on the number of ANC visits

NHIS (base: No)

 Yes

1.099^***

1.158^***

1.023

(1.066–1.134)

(1.110–1.208)

(0.981–1.066)

 Wealth Quintile (base: Poorest)

 Poorer

1.059^*

1.062^*

1.035

(1.013–1.107)

(1.008–1.120)

(0.945–1.133)

 Middle

1.131^***

1.193^***

1.032

(1.078–1.186)

(1.120–1.270)

(0.955–1.115)

 Richer

1.273^***

1.276^***

1.226^***

(1.211–1.340)

(1.181–1.378)

(1.138–1.322)

Level of Education (base: No Education)

 Primary

1.037

1.045

1.015

(0.994–1.081)

(0.990–1.103)

(0.946–1.088)

 At least Secondary

1.082^***

1.043

1.125^***

(1.041–1.125)

(0.991–1.098)

(1.058–1.196)

Employment (base: Unemployed)

 Employed

1.045^*

1.042

1.046

(1.009–1.083)

(0.991–1.096)

(0.996–1.100)

 Marital Status (base: Currently married)

0.961

0.967

0.940

 Never married

(0.915–1.010)

(0.900–1.039)

(0.878–1.006)

 Formerly married

0.981

0.996

0.966

(0.927–1.039)

(0.925–1.072)

(0.886–1.052)

 Age

1.004^***

1.003^*

1.005^***

(1.002–1.006)

(1.000–1.005)

(1.002–1.008)

Religion (base: Christian)

 Moslem

1.052^**

1.051

1.036

(1.014–1.092)

(0.999–1.105)

(0.979–1.097)

 Traditional

0.827^***

0.850^**

0.750^**

(0.752–0.910)

(0.767–0.943)

(0.603–0.932)

 No religion

0.865^***

0.880^**

0.849

(0.798–0.937)

(0.805–0.963)

(0.716–1.007)

Ethnicity (base: Akan)

 Ga/Dangme

0.948

0.952

0.946

(0.886–1.014)

(0.842–1.077)

(0.873–1.024)

 Ewe

1.035

1.100^*

0.977

(0.977–1.096)

(1.009–1.198)

(0.904–1.056)

 Savannah

0.973

0.985

0.979

(0.932–1.017)

(0.920–1.055)

(0.924–1.037)

Residence (base: urban)

 Rural

1.000

(0.969–1.033)

Region (base: Greater Accra)

 Western

1.088^**

1.192^*

1.068

(1.022–1.157)

(1.031–1.378)

(0.991–1.151)

 Central

1.035

1.139

1.022

(0.970–1.104)

(0.982–1.321)

(0.946–1.104)

 Volta

0.916^*

0.928

0.992

(0.846–0.992)

(0.794–1.085)

(0.894–1.100)

 Eastern

0.857^***

0.933

0.857^***

(0.803–0.914)

(0.806–1.081)

(0.794–0.924)

 Ashanti

1.037

1.233^**

0.953

(0.976–1.102)

(1.057–1.438)

(0.894–1.017)

 Brong Ahafo

1.021

1.135

1.005

(0.957–1.089)

(0.976–1.319)

(0.929–1.086)

 Northern

0.849^***

0.895

0.904^*

(0.787–0.915)

(0.760–1.055)

(0.824–0.992)

 Upper east

1.120^**

1.239^**

1.079

(1.043–1.203)

(1.054–1.456)

(0.990–1.177)

 Upper west

0.955

1.067

0.889^*

(0.887–1.027)

(0.909–1.253)

(0.809–0.976)

 Barriers to Access

0.987^*

0.986^*

0.995

(0.977–0.998)

(0.973–0.999)

(0.980–1.011)

Frequency of watching TV (base: Not at all)

 At least one

1.033

1.070^**

0.974

(0.995–1.072)

(1.018–1.124)

(0.921–1.029)

 N

4186.000

2468.000

1718.000

 R²

0.043

0.041

0.033