Table 5 Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with CHE in Nigeria
From: Exploring dynamics in catastrophic health care expenditure in Nigeria
Variables | Wave 1 (2010/2011) | Wave 2 (2012/2013) | Wave 3 (2015/2016) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | Robust Std. Err | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | Robust Std. Err | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | Robust Std. Err | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Economic Status | |||||||||
 Poorest (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Second | 0.7687 | 0.3933 | 0.2820–2.0953 | 0.5799 | 0.3032 | 0.2081–1.6158 | 0.3769c | 0.1047 | 0.2186–0.6498 |
 Middle | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000–0.0000 | 0.3818 | 0.2234 | 0.1213–1.2020 | 0.3594c | 0.0954 | 0.2136–0.6047 |
 Fourth | 0.2389b | 0.1459 | 0.0722–0.7905 | 0.2311b | 0.1625 | 0.0583–0.9168 | 0.1270c | 0.0521 | 0.0568–0.2839 |
 Richest | 0.0469c | 0.0555 | 0.0046–0.4784 | 0.1770b | 0.1403 | 0.0374–0.8373 | 0.0347c | 0.0222 | 0.0099–0.1215 |
Zone | |||||||||
 North (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 South | 1.6778 | 1.4867 | 1.2955–9.5276 | 0.4524 | 0.2957 | 0.1256–1.6290 | 4.4655c | 1.8566 | 1.9768–10.0871 |
Sector | |||||||||
 Rural (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Urban | 1.5896 | 0.7293 | 0.6468–3.9067 | 0.4773 | 0.2344 | 0.1823–1.2496 | 0.8687 | 0.2316 | 0.5152–1.4647 |
HHsize | |||||||||
 Less than 5 members (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Greater than 5 members | 0.7960 | 0.3439 | 0.3421–1.8568 | 0.4882a | 0.2026 | 0.2165–1.1000 | 1.0456 | 0.3831 | 0.5098–2.1443 |
Gender | |||||||||
 Female (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Male | 1.3880 | 0.6487 | 0.5561–3.4694 | 1.1173 | 0.4494 | 0.5079–2.4578 | 0.7777 | 0.1696 | 0.5071–1.1927 |
Education | |||||||||
 No (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Nursery & primary | 0.5678 | 0.3293 | 0.1822–1.7697 | 1.9085 | 0.6136 | 0.2418–3.4137 | 0.9790 | 1.1011 | 0.1080–8.8744 |
 Secondary | 0.5456 | 0.4635 | 0.1032–2.8830 | 0.7403 | 0.4775 | 0.2091–2.6206 | 1.0819 | 1.2112 | 0.1206–9.7077 |
 Post-secondary | 1.6935 | 1.0446 | 0.5055–5.6735 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000–0.0000 | 2.1435 | 2.4483 | 0.2285–20.1063 |
Employment status | |||||||||
 Employed (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Unemployed | 0.5165 | 0.3024 | 0.1639–1.6273 | 2.2102a | 1.0623 | 0.8616–5.6697 | 2.6685c | 0.6930 | 1.6029–4.4425 |
Bednet | |||||||||
 No (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 0.3017a | 0.2120 | 0.0761–1.1961 | 0.7502 | 0.3543 | 0.2973–1.8932 | 1.2770 | 0.3673 | 0.7275–2.2449 |
Insurance | |||||||||
 Uninsured (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Insured | 0.8025 | 1.2576 | 0.0372–17.3123 | 3.5336 | 3.2179 | 0.5930–21.0554 | 0.4272 | 0.4953 | 0.0440–4.1447 |
Elderly | |||||||||
 No (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 3.0294b | 1.6891 | 1.0157–9.0357 | 0.6973 | 0.4002 | 0.2264–2.1478 | 1.0161 | 0.2437 | 0.7027–1.7157 |
 Cons | 0.0472 | 0.0324 | 0.0123–0.1815 | 0.0921 | 0.0581 | 0.0268–0.3170 | 0.0937 | 0.1098 | 0.0097–1.1214 |