From: Exploring dynamics in catastrophic health care expenditure in Nigeria
Variables | Wave 1 (2010/2011) | Wave 2 (2012/2013) | Wave 3 (2015/2016) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | Robust Std. Err | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | Robust Std. Err | 95% Confidence Interval | Odds Ratio | Robust Std. Err | 95% Confidence Interval | |
Economic Status | |||||||||
 Poorest (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Second | 0.6180 | 0.4020 | 0.1727–2.2116 | 0.2824c | 0.0672 | 0.1771–0.4503 | 0.1981b | 0.1418 | 0.0487–0.8062 |
 Middle | 0.1593c | 0.0971 | 0.0482–0.5261 | 0.1317c | 0.0297 | 0.0846–0.2052 | 0.0885c | 0.0583 | 0.0243–0.3218 |
 Fourth | 0.0892c | 0.0529 | 0.02787–0.2857 | 0.0896c | 0.0205 | 0.0573–0.1403 | 0.0381c | 0.0238 | 0.0111–0.1302 |
 Richest | 0.0473c | 0.0282 | 0.0146–0.1525 | 0.0437c | 0.0104 | 0.0274–0.0697 | 0.0090c | 0.0055 | 0.0027–0.0300 |
HHsize | |||||||||
 Less than 5 members (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Greater than 5 members | 0.6736a | 0.1361 | 0.4533–1.0011 | 0.9527 | 0.1161 | 0.7503–1.2099 | 2.5039c | 0.7638 | 1.3770–4.5527 |
Gender | |||||||||
 Female (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Male | 1.0528 | 0.2055 | 0.7181–1.5436 | 0.8590 | 0.1003 | 0.6833–1.0800 | 1.0136 | 0.1751 | 0.7224–1.4221 |
Education | |||||||||
 No (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Nursery & primary | 1.4978a | 0.3556 | 0.9405–2.3854 | 1.8219 | 0.8585 | 0.7234–4.5881 | 0.8993 | 0.7120 | 0.1905–4.2450 |
 Secondary | 1.4262 | 0.4703 | 0.7472–2.7222 | 2.4452a | 1.1593 | 0.9655–6.1927 | 0.8314 | 0.6579 | 0.1762–3.9214 |
 Post-secondary | 0.8273 | 0.3091 | 0.3977–1.7209 | 1.7189 | 0.8395 | 0.6599–4.4771 | 0.8308 | 0.6774 | 0.1680–4.1077 |
Employment status | |||||||||
 Employed (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Unemployed | 1.2218 | 0.3098 | 0.7433–2.0085 | 0.8569 | 0.1301 | 0.6363–1.1539 | 0.6403b | 0.1385 | 0.4190–0.9786 |
Bednet | |||||||||
 No (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 1.4951a | 0.3442 | 0.9520–2.3478 | 1.3276b | 0.1681 | 1.0359–1.7016 | 0.4477c | 0.0774 | 0.3189–0.6286 |
Insurance | |||||||||
 Uninsured (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Insured | 4.5179 | 5.1117 | 0.4918–41.4976 | 8.2673c | 5.9806 | 2.0026–34.1292 | 0.2254b | 0.1435 | 0.0647–0.7851 |
Elderly | |||||||||
 No (Ref) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 1.1895 | 0.3006 | 0.7248–1.9520 | 0.7724a | 0.1176 | 0.5730–1.0410 | 0.7246a | 0.1264 | 0.5147–1.0201 |
 Cons | 28.1258 | 17.6393 | 8.2275 96.1488 | 6.6019 | 3.4335 | 2.3822–18.2962 | 211.7662 | 264.0777 | 18.3815–2439.64 |