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Table 7 Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with CHE in Rural Region

From: Exploring dynamics in catastrophic health care expenditure in Nigeria

Variables

Wave 1 (2010/2011)

Wave 2 (2012/2013)

Wave 3 (2015/2016)

Odds Ratio

Robust Std. Err

95% Confidence Interval

Odds Ratio

Robust Std. Err

95% Confidence Interval

Odds Ratio

Robust Std. Err

95% Confidence Interval

Economic Status

 Poorest (Ref)

         

 Second

0.6180

0.4020

0.1727–2.2116

0.2824c

0.0672

0.1771–0.4503

0.1981b

0.1418

0.0487–0.8062

 Middle

0.1593c

0.0971

0.0482–0.5261

0.1317c

0.0297

0.0846–0.2052

0.0885c

0.0583

0.0243–0.3218

 Fourth

0.0892c

0.0529

0.02787–0.2857

0.0896c

0.0205

0.0573–0.1403

0.0381c

0.0238

0.0111–0.1302

 Richest

0.0473c

0.0282

0.0146–0.1525

0.0437c

0.0104

0.0274–0.0697

0.0090c

0.0055

0.0027–0.0300

HHsize

 Less than 5 members (Ref)

         

 Greater than 5 members

0.6736a

0.1361

0.4533–1.0011

0.9527

0.1161

0.7503–1.2099

2.5039c

0.7638

1.3770–4.5527

Gender

 Female (Ref)

         

 Male

1.0528

0.2055

0.7181–1.5436

0.8590

0.1003

0.6833–1.0800

1.0136

0.1751

0.7224–1.4221

Education

 No (Ref)

         

 Nursery & primary

1.4978a

0.3556

0.9405–2.3854

1.8219

0.8585

0.7234–4.5881

0.8993

0.7120

0.1905–4.2450

 Secondary

1.4262

0.4703

0.7472–2.7222

2.4452a

1.1593

0.9655–6.1927

0.8314

0.6579

0.1762–3.9214

 Post-secondary

0.8273

0.3091

0.3977–1.7209

1.7189

0.8395

0.6599–4.4771

0.8308

0.6774

0.1680–4.1077

Employment status

 Employed (Ref)

         

 Unemployed

1.2218

0.3098

0.7433–2.0085

0.8569

0.1301

0.6363–1.1539

0.6403b

0.1385

0.4190–0.9786

Bednet

 No (Ref)

         

 Yes

1.4951a

0.3442

0.9520–2.3478

1.3276b

0.1681

1.0359–1.7016

0.4477c

0.0774

0.3189–0.6286

Insurance

 Uninsured (Ref)

         

 Insured

4.5179

5.1117

0.4918–41.4976

8.2673c

5.9806

2.0026–34.1292

0.2254b

0.1435

0.0647–0.7851

Elderly

 No (Ref)

         

 Yes

1.1895

0.3006

0.7248–1.9520

0.7724a

0.1176

0.5730–1.0410

0.7246a

0.1264

0.5147–1.0201

 Cons

28.1258

17.6393

8.2275 96.1488

6.6019

3.4335

2.3822–18.2962

211.7662

264.0777

18.3815–2439.64

  1. a, b, and c indicate significance at 10, 5 and 1% respectively