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Table 3 The relationship between self-assessed health and food insecurity in South Africa

From: Food insecurity and health outcomes during the coronavirus pandemic in South Africa: a longitudinal study

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Wave 1 (Level 5)

Wave 4 (Adjusted level 3/1)

Household experienced hunger in past 7 days

0.067***

  

0.066***

0.040

  

0.036

(0.021)

  

(0.023)

(0.032)

  

(0.035)

Hunger frequency past 7 days (base = no hunger)

  1–2 days

 

0.098***

   

0.027

  
 

(0.035)

   

(0.045)

  

  3–4 days

 

0.035

   

0.061

  
 

(0.034)

   

(0.045)

  

  Almost every day

 

0.061

   

0.023

  
 

(0.037)

   

(0.057)

  

  Every day

 

0.148**

   

0.063

  
 

(0.057)

   

(0.069)

  

  Household ran out of money to buy food in the past month

  

0.020

0.001

  

0.020

0.008

  

(0.018)

(0.019)

  

(0.021)

(0.022)

  Male

0.015

0.018

0.016

0.015

-0.014

-0.014

-0.014

-0.014

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.018)

(0.018)

(0.018)

(0.018)

  Not employed

0.037**

0.035*

0.039**

0.037**

0.017

0.018

0.017

0.017

(0.018)

(0.018)

(0.018)

(0.018)

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.019)

(0.020)

  Years of schooling

-0.003

-0.003

-0.003

-0.003

-0.007**

-0.007**

-0.007**

-0.007**

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

  Lives in a house/flat (base = lives in a traditional/informal/other type house)

0.002

0.003

-0.001

0.002

-0.049*

-0.050*

-0.050*

-0.049*

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.020)

(0.027)

(0.027)

(0.027)

(0.027)

  Age (years)

0.002**

0.001**

0.001**

0.002**

0.002***

0.002***

0.002***

0.002***

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

Race (base = African)

  Coloured

-0.185***

-0.183***

-0.192***

-0.185***

-0.165***

-0.167***

-0.169***

-0.166***

(0.032)

(0.032)

(0.033)

(0.033)

(0.045)

(0.044)

(0.045)

(0.046)

  Asian/Indian

-0.170***

-0.172***

-0.181***

-0.170***

-0.261***

-0.261***

-0.265***

-0.261***

(0.062)

(0.064)

(0.062)

(0.062)

(0.062)

(0.062)

(0.062)

(0.062)

  White

-0.205***

-0.202***

-0.209***

-0.205***

-0.218***

-0.219***

-0.219***

-0.217***

(0.030)

(0.030)

(0.031)

(0.030)

(0.033)

(0.032)

(0.033)

(0.033)

Location (base = Traditional)

  Urban

0.013

0.016

0.009

0.013

-0.033

-0.032

-0.033

-0.033

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.024)

(0.024)

(0.024)

(0.024)

  Farm

0.007

0.012

0.004

0.007

0.093

0.095

0.091

0.093

(0.044)

(0.043)

(0.044)

(0.044)

(0.066)

(0.067)

(0.067)

(0.067)

  Main income source lost/declineda

0.001

0.000

0.004

0.001

0.074***

0.074***

0.075***

0.074***

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.026)

  Household size

-0.001

-0.001

-0.001

-0.001

0.006*

0.006*

0.006*

0.006*

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

Province (base = Western Cape)

  Eastern Cape

-0.021

-0.017

-0.023

-0.021

-0.046

-0.046

-0.045

-0.045

(0.038)

(0.037)

(0.038)

(0.038)

(0.043)

(0.043)

(0.043)

(0.044)

  Northern Cape

0.060

0.058

0.064

0.060

0.092*

0.091*

0.094*

0.092*

(0.040)

(0.041)

(0.040)

(0.041)

(0.053)

(0.053)

(0.053)

(0.053)

  Free State

-0.090**

-0.082**

-0.090**

-0.090**

-0.060

-0.061

-0.058

-0.060

(0.038)

(0.037)

(0.038)

(0.038)

(0.050)

(0.050)

(0.050)

(0.050)

  Kwazulu-Natal

0.037

0.051

0.036

0.037

0.184***

0.181***

0.185***

0.184***

(0.035)

(0.034)

(0.035)

(0.035)

(0.049)

(0.048)

(0.048)

(0.049)

  North-West

0.154***

0.152***

0.155***

0.154***

0.211***

0.211***

0.212***

0.211***

(0.043)

(0.042)

(0.044)

(0.043)

(0.057)

(0.057)

(0.058)

(0.058)

  Gauteng

-0.036

-0.034

-0.040

-0.036

0.077*

0.075*

0.078*

0.077*

(0.033)

(0.032)

(0.033)

(0.033)

(0.042)

(0.042)

(0.042)

(0.043)

  Mpumalanga

-0.015

-0.008

-0.018

-0.015

0.080

0.076

0.082

0.081

(0.040)

(0.040)

(0.041)

(0.040)

(0.050)

(0.050)

(0.050)

(0.051)

  Limpopo

-0.037

-0.029

-0.044

-0.037

-0.059

-0.059

-0.061

-0.059

(0.041)

(0.040)

(0.042)

(0.041)

(0.056)

(0.056)

(0.056)

(0.056)

  Constant

0.231***

0.230***

0.252***

0.231***

0.263***

0.264***

0.262***

0.260***

(0.064)

(0.064)

(0.067)

(0.065)

(0.079)

(0.079)

(0.078)

(0.079)

Observations

6,586

6,451

6,586

6,586

4,893

4,875

4,893

4,893

R-squared

0.059

0.063

0.056

0.059

0.119

0.119

0.118

0.119

  1. All models are LPM; Outcome is SAH, i.e. fair/poor health (base = excellent/very good/good health); Estimates weighted; *, **, *** indicate statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels of significance respectively; Standard errors in parentheses; a Wave 1: whether household lost its main source of income, Wave 4: whether household’s main source of income decreased (relative to increased or remained unchanged)
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Health Economics Review

ISSN: 2191-1991

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