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Table 5 Relationship between lagged food insecurity and health

From: Food insecurity and health outcomes during the coronavirus pandemic in South Africa: a longitudinal study

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Lagged household hunger

0.057**

  

0.036

(0.025)

  

(0.027)

Lagged no food money in household

 

0.060***

 

0.050**

 

(0.021)

 

(0.023)

Lagged hunger frequency past 7 days (base = no hunger)

  1–2 days

  

0.072*

 
  

(0.039)

 

  3–4 days

  

0.047

 
  

(0.042)

 

  Almost every day

  

0.025

 
  

(0.046)

 

  Every day

  

0.067

 
  

(0.079)

 

  Male

-0.014

-0.011

-0.014

-0.010

(0.021)

(0.021)

(0.021)

(0.021)

  Not employed

0.023

0.023

0.024

0.024

(0.022)

(0.022)

(0.022)

(0.022)

  Years of schooling

-0.006*

-0.006*

-0.006*

-0.006*

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.003)

  Lives in a house/flat (base = lives in a traditional/informal/other type house)

-0.036

-0.028

-0.040

-0.027

(0.026)

(0.027)

(0.027)

(0.027)

  Age (years)

0.002***

0.002***

0.002**

0.002***

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

Race (base = African)

  Coloured

-0.148***

-0.160***

-0.146***

-0.154***

(0.037)

(0.038)

(0.037)

(0.037)

  Asian/Indian

-0.235***

-0.254***

-0.234***

-0.244***

(0.086)

(0.084)

(0.087)

(0.084)

  White

-0.220***

-0.217***

-0.217***

-0.214***

(0.034)

(0.035)

(0.034)

(0.035)

Location (base = Traditional)

  Urban

-0.018

-0.015

-0.022

-0.016

(0.027)

(0.027)

(0.028)

(0.027)

  Farm

0.096

0.091

0.093

0.098

(0.074)

(0.070)

(0.074)

(0.072)

  Main income source lost/declined

0.075***

0.068**

0.078***

0.070**

(0.028)

(0.028)

(0.028)

(0.028)

  Household size

0.005

0.005

0.005

0.004

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

Province (base = Western Cape)

  Eastern Cape

-0.043

-0.041

-0.040

-0.042

(0.038)

(0.039)

(0.038)

(0.038)

  Northern Cape

0.062

0.069

0.062

0.067

(0.046)

(0.047)

(0.046)

(0.046)

  Free State

-0.057

-0.057

-0.052

-0.057

(0.041)

(0.041)

(0.041)

(0.041)

  Kwazulu-Natal

0.181***

0.184***

0.184***

0.179***

(0.041)

(0.041)

(0.042)

(0.041)

  North-West

0.222***

0.222***

0.219***

0.222***

(0.055)

(0.056)

(0.055)

(0.056)

  Gauteng

0.085**

0.081**

0.082**

0.082**

(0.036)

(0.036)

(0.036)

(0.036)

  Mpumalanga

0.079*

0.076*

0.070

0.077*

(0.044)

(0.044)

(0.044)

(0.044)

  Limpopo

-0.055

-0.061

-0.058

-0.058

(0.049)

(0.049)

(0.049)

(0.049)

  Constant

0.220***

0.201**

0.230***

0.190**

(0.078)

(0.079)

(0.077)

(0.079)

Observations

4,169

4,168

4,081

4,150

R-squared

0.114

0.117

0.113

0.117

  1. All models are LPM; Outcome is SAH, i.e. fair/poor health (base = excellent/very good/good health); Estimates weighted; *, **, *** indicate statistical significance at 10%, 5% and 1% levels of significance respectively; Standard errors in parentheses