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Table 2 Direct and indirect costs of accessing and utilising health care by socioeconomic status quintiles and place of residence

From: An equity analysis on the household costs of accessing and utilising maternal and child health care services in Tanzania

   

Socioeconomic status

Equity measures

Place of residence

Equity measures

n

Mean

Gap

(Poorest -least poor)

Ratio

(Poorest/ least poor)

Concentration Index (CI)

Gap

(Rural - Urban)

Ratio

(Rural/ Urban)

Mode of transport

1407

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

 Foot (%)

(n = 1000)

71.1

22.1***

1.4

−0.069***

4.0

1.1

 Car (%)

(n = 119)

8.5

−7.5**

0.4

0.221***

−6.7

0.5

 Motorbike & bicycle (%)

(n = 288)

20.5

−14.7***

0.5

0.152***

2.7

1.1

Time cost (mins)

 Travel time for all

1143

30.1

15.1***

1.7

−0.109***

5.5*

1.2

  Foot

(n = 804)

31.3

14.7***

1.6

−0.104***

5.3

1.2

  Car

(n = 96)

26.7

1.1

1.0

−0.019

0.3

1.0

  Motorbike & bicycle

(n = 243)

27.8

17.3**

1.9

−0.141****

8.4**

1.4

 Waiting time

1394

46.7

15.3***

1.4

−0.056**

13.5**

1.4

 Consultation time

1374

12.9

−0.4

1.0

0.002

0.3

1.0

Direct cost (USD)

 Transport cost for all clients

1299

0.41

−0.51***

0.2

0.269***

−0.23*

0.6

  Car

(n = 119)

1.32

− 0.99*

0.5

0.184

−0.87

0.6

  Motorbike & bicycle

(n = 267)

1.39

−0.75***

0.4

0.065*

−0.31

0.8

 Prob. of paying for medical care (%)

1399

17.8

−9.3***

0.6

0.128***

1.4

1.1

 Medical cost for all clients

1399

0.23

−0.32***

0.2

0.288***

−0.16

0.6

  1. The median travel time overall =20 min, while on foot (21.5 min), car (20 min) and other modes (20 min); median travel cost = 0 USD; median waiting time = 26.5 min, and consultation time = 10 min; median medical cost = 0 USD; travel time reflects a one-way journal
  2. *** denotes significance at 1%, ** at 5%, and * at 10% level