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Table 4 The estimates of the reduced form: Japan

From: Dose birthweight matter to quality of life? A comparison between Japan, the U.S., and India

 

ACADEMIC

HEIGHT

EDUCATION

MARRIAGE

BMI

INCOME

HEALTH

HAPPINESS

 

OLS

Ordered logit

OLS

OLS

Ordered logit

OLS

Logit

OLS

OLS

Ordered logit

OLS

Ordered logit

OLS

Ordered logit

 

Coef.

Odds Ratio

Coef.

Coef.

Odds Ratio

Coef.

Odds Ratio

Coef.

Coef.

Odds Ratio

Coef.

Odds Ratio

Coef.

Odds Ratio

LBW

−0.197*

0.661**

−0.0280***

− 0.456***

0.599***

0.0569*

1.534*

0.784**

−0.532**

0.699*

−0.251***

0.614***

−0.424**

0.608***

 

(0.102)

(0.127)

(0.006)

(0.147)

(0.098)

(0.0334)

(0.397)

(0.320)

(0.219)

(0.143)

(0.0932)

(0.115)

(0.168)

(0.100)

LBW×OLD

0.0265

1.126

−0.00053

0.18

1.085

− 0.109**

0.436**

− 0.910**

0.966**

1.854**

0.102

1.171

0.492**

1.686**

 

(0.137)

(0.282)

(0.007)

(0.214)

(0.277)

(0.0483)

(0.157)

(0.428)

(0.452)

(0.552)

(0.125)

(0.294)

(0.230)

(0.394)

HBW

−0.226

0.674

0.0392***

− 0.211

0.794

0.00927

1.046

1.163**

−0.083

0.869

0.0263

0.973

−0.048

0.944

 

(0.164)

(0.198)

(0.010)

(0.324)

(0.263)

(0.0653)

(0.393)

(0.474)

(0.444)

(0.245)

(0.140)

(0.266)

(0.292)

(0.266)

HBW×OLD

0.104

1.773

−0.0261

0.489

2.229

0.0928

2.189

−2.043**

−0.774

1.250

−0.323

0.616

0.0546

0.971

 

(0.434)

(1.27)

(0.022)

(0.714)

(1.927)

(0.117)

(2.596)

(0.992)

(0.716)

(0.667)

(0.284)

(0.366)

(0.423)

(0.422)

DONTKNOW

−0.268***

0.641**

−0.00548

−0.339**

0.687**

−0.0952**

0.559***

−0.181

− 0.162

0.841

− 0.157*

0.711*

− 0.413**

0.650**

 

(0.103)

(0.121)

(0.005)

(0.165)

(0.125)

(0.0386)

(0.117)

(0.241)

(0.259)

(0.175)

(0.0916)

(0.132)

(0.163)

(0.111)

DONTKNOW×OLD

0.194*

1.418*

−0.00291

0.174

1.169

0.105**

1.978***

0.0837

0.162

1.180

0.0722

1.205

0.352*

1.434*

(0.114)

(0.295)

(0.005)

(0.185)

(0.243)

(0.0419)

(0.508)

(0.278)

(0.319)

(0.282)

(0.101)

(0.247)

(0.183)

(0.273)

OLD

0.0278

1.024

−0.00531

0.293***

1.422***

−0.0970***

0.693**

0.247

0.261

1.144

−0.112*

0.780**

−0.277**

0.766**

 

(0.063)

(0.117)

(0.003)

(0.104)

(0.162)

(0.022)

(0.128)

(0.191)

(0.210)

(0.150)

(0.0584)

(0.091)

(0.109)

(0.085)

MALE

0.0222

1.062

0.132***

0.749***

2.063***

0.0198

1.170*

1.568***

2.945***

10.908***

−0.0198

0.966

−0.184***

0.832***

 

(0.034)

0.065

(0.002)

(0.058)

(0.139)

(0.0122)

(0.108)

(0.102)

(0.107)

(0.943)

(0.0307)

(0.059)

(0.0580)

(0.049)

AGE

0.709

1.014

0.288***

5.618***

1.095***

7.188***

1.461***

13.43***

36.42***

1.271***

−3.107***

0.938***

−0.713

1.004

 

(1.057)

(0.019)

(0.056)

(1.738)

(0.022)

(0.372)

(0.036)

(3.109)

(3.039)

(0.031)

(0.973)

(0.018)

(1.745)

(0.018)

AGESQ

1.140

1.000

−0.386***

−7.595***

0.999***

−6.003***

0.997***

−11.42***

−35.77***

0.998***

2.764***

1.001***

1.977

1.000

 

(1.000)

(0.0002)

(0.052)

(1.654)

(0.0002)

(0.350)

(0.0002)

(2.941)

(3.232)

(0.0002)

(0.928)

(0.0002)

(1.660)

(0.0002)

F_EDUCATION

0.0581***

1.118***

0.000971*

0.233***

1.279***

−0.00243

0.982

−0.0801***

0.110***

1.078***

0.0204**

1.048**

0.0163

1.035*

 

(0.011)

(0.022)

(0.001)

(0.017)

(0.024)

(0.00377)

(0.025)

(0.0300)

(0.0351)

(0.024)

(0.00969)

(0.020)

(0.0186)

(0.019)

M_EDUCATION

0.0722***

1.147***

0.00118

0.204***

1.253***

0.00056

1.005

0.0322

0.0879

1.057*

−0.00315

0.992

0.00562

1.001

 

(0.017)

(0.033)

(0.001)

(0.027)

(0.038)

(0.00587)

(0.041)

(0.0483)

(0.0544)

(0.034)

(0.0147)

(0.029)

(0.0270)

(0.027)

F_AGE_BIRTH

0.334

1.008

0.0164

2.216***

1.026***

−0.315*

0.791*

0.0659

0.173

0.994

0.0685

0.999

−1.169

0.988

 

(0.503)

(0.099)

(0.0237)

(0.789)

(0.009)

(0.178)

(0.103)

(1.480)

(1.559)

(0.011)

(0.437)

(0.087)

(0.894)

(0.009)

M_AGE_BIRTH

−0.680

0.985

−0.0279

−1.229

0.989

0.0608

1.049

−1.071

0.282

1.005

−0.100

0.993

0.628

1.006

 

(0.569)

(0.010)

(0.0277)

(0.906)

(0.010)

(0.200)

(0.155)

(1.727)

(1.829)

(0.012)

(0.505)

(0.100)

(1.023)

(0.011)

M_FULLTIME

0.385***

2.039***

0.0119**

0.963***

3.743***

0.0152

1.162

−0.382

0.593

1.754**

−0.0694

0.867

0.302

1.355

 

(0.118)

(0.434)

(0.005)

(0.152)

(0.870)

(0.0421)

(0.367)

(0.355)

(0.367)

(0.420)

(0.0978)

(0.172)

(0.211)

(0.288)

M_PARTTIME

0.372***

2.005***

0.0116**

0.988***

3.963***

−0.0117

0.947

−0.648*

0.693*

1.703**

−0.0955

0.827

0.341

1.413

 

(0.121)

(0.436)

(0.005)

(0.157)

(0.935)

(0.0433)

(0.304)

(0.362)

(0.376)

(0.414)

(0.100)

(0.169)

(0.217)

(0.308)

M_HOUSEWIFE

0.453***

2.274***

0.0128**

0.996***

3.957***

−0.0226

0.871

−0.795**

0.709*

1.756

−0.0574

0.891

0.296

1.329

 

(0.119)

(0.490)

(0.005)

(0.154)

(0.926)

(0.0424)

(0.275)

(0.356)

(0.378)

(0.427)

(0.0983)

(0.178)

(0.212)

(0.283)

S_LIVING

0.0472***

1.080***

0.00102**

0.133***

1.169***

0.00292

1.019

−0.00148

0.0755**

1.023

0.0358***

1.076***

0.156***

1.183***

 

(0.011)

(0.021)

(0.001)

(0.0164)

(0.022)

(0.00363)

(0.027)

(0.0311)

(0.0353)

(0.022)

(0.00955)

(0.021)

(0.0186)

(0.023)

ONLYCHILD

−0.0136

0.944

−0.00504

0.181

1.266

−0.0497*

0.696

0.373

0.00768

1.023

0.00091

1.008

0.0788

1.050

 

(0.072)

(0.123)

(0.004)

(0.127)

(0.185)

(0.0288)

(0.130)

(0.237)

(0.258)

(0.150)

(0.0689)

(0.141)

(0.121)

(0.136)

RELIGION

−0.0441***

0.929**

−0.0012

− 0.0523*

0.951

0.00027

1.005

0.042

−0.109**

0.953

−0.0464***

0.913***

0.0384

1.048

 

(0.017)

(0.028)

(0.001)

(0.028)

(0.031)

(0.00566)

(0.045)

(0.0479)

(0.0511)

(0.034)

(0.0160)

(0.030)

(0.0302)

(0.034)

Cons

2.054***

 

1.504***

0.101

 

−1.093***

 

19.45***

−8.732***

 

4.151***

 

5.529***

 
 

(0.328)

 

(0.0172)

(0.531)

 

(0.118)

 

(0.978)

(0.958)

 

(0.297)

 

(0.549)

 

Obs.

3814

3814

3839

3845

3845

3860

3860

3776

2742

2742

3837

3837

3791

3791

R2

0.091

 

0.642

0.269

 

0.164

 

0.104

0.27

 

0.056

 

0.053

 
  1. The coefficients are estimated by OLS and odds rations by orderd logit. The definition and unit of each variable are presented in Table 2. Regression coefficients are presented in the upper rows. The region dummies representing the prefecture where respondents lived at the age of 15 years are included in the estimation, but are not shown here to save space. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. Because the estimated coefficients are very small, the coefficients and standard errors for AGE, F_AGE_BIRTH, and M_AGE_BIRTH are multiplied by 100 and AGESQ by 1000. In the case of linear regression, if the units of explanatory variables are changed, such as when dividing by 100, the estimated coefficients and standard errors are multiplied by 100 while the t-values remain the same. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1