Table 5 The estimates of the reduced form: U.S.

LBW

−0.0273

0.847

− 0.00955

− 0.127

1.054

− 0.038

0.835

−1.418

− 0.299

0.888

0.126

1.210

0.406

1.379

(0.158)

(0.271)

(0.0115)

(0.208)

(0.221)

(0.0720)

(0.301)

(1.213)

(0.478)

(0.238)

(0.126)

(0.333)

(0.316)

(0.390)

LBW×OLD

−0.149

0.837

0.0148

0.0862

0.904

0.0576

1.327

1.933

−0.574

0.732

− 0.281

0.691

−0.384

0.745

(0.194)

(0.317)

(0.0154)

(0.293)

(0.279)

(0.0896)

(0.610)

(1.507)

(0.668)

(0.286)

(0.174)

(0.251)

(0.422)

(0.272)

HBW

0.0398

1.075

0.0187***

0.0408

1.028

−0.105***

0.593***

1.260*

−0.165

0.911

−0.0638

0.866

−0.151

0.860

(0.0911)

(0.189)

(0.00657)

(0.144)

(0.154)

(0.0392)

(0.119)

(0.708)

(0.357)

(0.161)

(0.0808)

(0.144)

(0.201)

(0.139)

HBW×OLD

−0.142

0.811

0.000225

−0.138

0.837

0.0595

1.344

−0.293

−0.743

0.707

0.0259

1.110

−0.141

0.823

(0.131)

(0.198)

(0.00975)

(0.222)

(0.202)

(0.0595)

(0.400)

(0.980)

(0.527)

(0.197)

(0.120)

(0.268)

(0.295)

(0.196)

V_HBW

−0.00792

1.012

0.0658***

−0.22

0.762

0.028

1.163

3.072**

−0.54

0.956

−0.419***

0.391***

−0.894**

0.534**

(0.190)

(0.333)

(0.0179)

(0.310)

(0.261)

(0.0798)

(0.464)

(1.507)

(0.536)

(0.262)

(0.158)

(0.116)

(0.455)

(0.166)

V_HBW×OLD

0.098

1.145

−0.0485

0.588

2.127

−0.139

0.508

−1.757

1.402

1.398

0.505*

3.474**

1.162**

2.051*

(0.275)

(0.581)

(0.0296)

(0.456)

(1.075)

(0.123)

(0.288)

(2.261)

(1.073)

(0.700)

(0.260)

(1.904)

(0.573)

(0.853)

DONTKNOW

0.0637

1.164

−0.00629

0.149

1.235

−0.0114

0.949

−0.267

0.717*

1.314

−0.186**

0.631***

−0.179

0.794

(0.106)

(0.217)

(0.00772)

(0.160)

(0.210)

(0.0446)

(0.213)

(0.696)

(0.432)

(0.233)

(0.0861)

(0.110)

(0.202)

(0.123)

DONTKNOW×OLD

−0.0319

0.946

0.00319

0.017

0.955

−0.0557

0.760

0.646

−1.115**

0.652*

0.17

1.542**

0.113

1.088

(0.131)

(0.223)

(0.00924)

(0.203)

(0.208)

(0.0563)

(0.209)

(0.867)

(0.553)

(0.159)

(0.109)

(0.340)

(0.256)

(0.224)

OLD

0.0385

1.055

−0.00135

0.0399

1.109

−0.0965**

0.614**

−0.102

− 0.0396

1.002

0.00384

1.024

−0.0023

1.029

(0.0889)

(0.174)

(0.00624)

(0.136)

(0.161)

(0.0375)

(0.123)

(0.597)

(0.358)

(0.172)

(0.0779)

(0.160)

(0.195)

(0.160)

MALE

−0.196***

0.745***

0.138***

0.0976

1.060

0.0321

1.173

0.353

1.931***

2.508***

0.0487

1.112

0.178*

1.110

(0.0461)

(0.064)

(0.00338)

(0.0751)

(0.087)

(0.0202)

(0.119)

(0.310)

(0.186)

(0.232)

(0.0412)

(0.093)

(0.0979)

(0.090)

AGE

−0.244

0.993

0.0479

5.554***

1.061***

5.798***

1.315***

34.23***

40.27***

1.254***

−2.497***

0.945***

−4.375**

0.971**

(0.894)

(0.017)

(0.0652)

(1.365)

(0.016)

(0.363)

(0.027)

(6.185)

(2.960)

(0.021)

(0.774)

(0.015)

(1.807)

(0.015)

AGESQ

0.528

1.000

−0.0659

−4.104***

1.000***

−4.949***

0.998***

−34.04***

−36.00***

0.998***

1.313*

1.000**

5.137***

1.000***

(0.780)

(0.0001)

(0.0555)

(1.244)

(0.0001)

(0.332)

(0.0002)

(5.068)

(2.718)

(0.0002)

(0.675)

(0.0001)

(1.551)

(0.0001)

F_EDUCATION

0.0448***

1.084***

0.000901

0.217***

1.269***

0.00546

1.030

−0.348***

0.315***

1.126***

0.0417***

1.082***

0.0395

1.036

(0.0146)

(0.030)

(0.00108)

(0.0231)

(0.032)

(0.00627)

(0.033)

(0.0983)

(0.0659)

(0.033)

(0.0124)

(0.027)

(0.0326)

(0.027)

M_EDUCATION

0.0785***

1.171***

0.00337***

0.181***

1.219***

−0.0184**

0.909***

−0.167

0.0353

1.022

0.0277*

1.056*

−0.0104

0.973

(0.0169)

(0.038)

(0.00123)

(0.0276)

(0.036)

(0.00728)

(0.033)

(0.110)

(0.0693)

(0.032)

(0.0149)

(0.033)

(0.0361)

(0.028)

F_AGE_BIRTH

−0.371

0.991

−0.0264

−0.100

0.999

−0.439*

0.978*

1.742

1.299

0.999

−0.446

0.990

0.261

0.997

(0.525)

(0.010)

(0.0387)

(0.859)

(0.009)

(0.241)

(0.011)

(3.699)

(2.054)

(0.011)

(0.457)

(0.009)

(1.093)

(0.009)

M_AGE_BIRTH

0.695

1.015

0.0193

2.815***

1.030***

0.131

1.007

−3.578

0.843

1.011

1.087**

1.024**

1.227

1.014

(0.614)

(0.012)

(0.0460)

(0.987)

(0.011)

(0.272)

(0.013)

(4.290)

(2.275)

(0.012)

(0.541)

(0.011)

(1.316)

(0.011)

M_FULLTIME

0.177

1.433

−0.0154

0.222

1.277

0.0774

1.474

0.023

1.230***

1.701*

0.195

1.587*

−0.335

0.664

(0.166)

(0.465)

(0.0111)

(0.244)

(0.347)

(0.0660)

(0.462)

(1.333)

(0.442)

(0.479)

(0.135)

(0.399)

(0.359)

(0.193)

M_PARTTIME

0.304*

1.820*

−0.00642

0.475*

1.671*

0.0512

1.275

−0.709

1.616***

1.884**

0.265*

1.793**

−0.198

0.723

(0.169)

(0.601)

(0.0113)

(0.250)

(0.466)

(0.0675)

(0.409)

(1.349)

(0.472)

(0.547)

(0.138)

(0.461)

(0.367)

(0.214)

M_HOUSEWIFE

0.253

1.664

−0.0138

0.348

1.469

0.0762

1.462

−0.375

1.261***

1.614*

0.21

1.599*

−0.17

0.719

(0.168)

(0.544)

(0.0113)

(0.248)

(0.404)

(0.0669)

(0.464)

(1.358)

(0.457)

(0.467)

(0.138)

(0.410)

(0.364)

(0.211)

S_LIVING

0.0306**

1.042*

0.00176**

0.0464**

1.055**

0.00062

1.003

−0.228**

0.0217

1.038

0.0333***

1.070***

0.0680**

1.062**

(0.0126)

(0.024)

#########

(0.0197)

(0.023)

(0.00559)

(0.028)

(0.0892)

(0.0463)

(0.026)

(0.0117)

(0.026)

(0.0288)

(0.026)

ONLYCHILD

0.0918

1.185

0.00128

0.215

1.208

−0.0775*

0.688*

0.942

−0.285

0.908

−0.114

0.777

−0.281

0.847

(0.0833)

(0.182)

(0.00616)

(0.145)

(0.190)

(0.0408)

(0.135)

(0.638)

(0.369)

(0.166)

(0.0779)

(0.124)

(0.201)

(0.139)

RELIGION

0.0293*

1.055

0.00196

0.0603**

1.062*

0.0375***

1.207

0.0382

−0.0666

0.961

0.0400***

1.080**

0.191***

1.192***

(0.0177)

(0.035)

(0.00125)

(0.0281)

(0.033)

(0.00754)

(0.046)

(0.120)

(0.0706)

(0.035)

(0.0154)

(0.034)

(0.0375)

(0.038)

Cons

2.784***

1.624***

0.457

−0.914***

24.15***

−9.883***

3.521***

7.015***

(0.341)

(0.0238)

(0.517)

(0.140)

(2.406)

(1.125)

(0.299)

(0.706)

Obs.

2109

2109

1938

2156

2156

2144

2144

1892

1676

1676

2166

2166

2090

2090

R²

0.075

0.513

0.176

0.17

0.078

0.198

0.117

0.055