Skip to main content

Table 8 The estimates of the recursive- and structural-forms: U.S.

From: Dose birthweight matter to quality of life? A comparison between Japan, the U.S., and India

 

Recursive

Structural

 

HEIGHT

EDUCATION

MARRIAGE

BMI

INCOME

HEALTH

HAPPINESS

LBW

−0.0114

−0.0785

0.0018

−0.838

0.197

−0.0416

0.315

 

(0.0117)

(0.197)

(0.0820)

(1.258)

(0.654)

(0.166)

(0.420)

LBW×OLD

0.0157

0.109

0.0373

1.041

−0.714

− 0.0277

− 0.431

 

(0.0157)

(0.276)

(0.100)

(1.635)

(0.919)

(0.226)

(0.591)

HBW

0.0186***

−0.0367

− 0.0941**

1.252*

− 0.0962

0.0218

− 0.0371

 

(0.00672)

(0.140)

(0.0419)

(0.759)

(0.451)

(0.0882)

(0.223)

HBW×OLD

−0.00088

−0.0315

0.0317

0.318

−1.184*

−0.133

0.205

 

(0.0100)

(0.225)

(0.0642)

(1.205)

(0.664)

(0.153)

(0.368)

V_HBW

0.0674***

−0.315

0.0767

3.148*

− 0.951

−0.301

− 0.119

 

(0.0190)

(0.318)

(0.0798)

(1.739)

(0.621)

(0.193)

(0.514)

V_HBW×OLD

−0.0501*

0.721

−0.227*

−1.14

0.793

0.328

0.311

 

(0.0303)

(0.441)

(0.125)

(2.486)

(1.103)

(0.286)

(0.675)

DONTKNOW

−0.00775

0.187

−0.0383

− 0.375

0.682

− 0.105

− 0.239

 

(0.00781)

(0.154)

(0.0474)

(0.849)

(0.523)

(0.106)

(0.252)

DONTKNOW×OLD

0.00474

−0.0604

−0.0204

0.751

−1.342**

0.099

0.347

 

(0.00935)

(0.198)

(0.0602)

(1.159)

(0.670)

(0.145)

(0.340)

OLD

−0.0022

0.0923

−0.116***

− 0.805

0.0535

0.011

0.0177

 

(0.00634)

(0.134)

(0.0401)

(0.639)

(0.433)

(0.0913)

(0.232)

ACADEMIC

−0.00382**

0.611***

−0.00065

0.155

0.197*

0.043

−0.0251

 

(0.00167)

(0.0362)

(0.0112)

(0.200)

(0.112)

(0.0272)

(0.0667)

HEIGHT

 

0.646

0.138

−7.085**

1.928

0.158

0.398

  

(0.518)

(0.152)

(3.466)

(1.875)

(0.417)

(1.077)

EDUCATION

  

0.01

−0.206

0.790***

0.0803*

− 0.0323

   

(0.00686)

(0.306)

(0.0913)

(0.0411)

(0.106)

MARRIAGE

   

−0.832*

0.737***

0.137**

0.177

    

(0.500)

(0.278)

(0.0681)

(0.185)

BMI

    

0.169*

0.00154

−0.0588

     

(0.0968)

(0.0217)

(0.0481)

INCOME

   

0.0438

 

−0.0285

0.118

    

(0.355)

 

(0.0495)

(0.112)

HEALTH

   

−0.918

−1.045*

 

0.745**

    

(1.165)

(0.599)

 

(0.328)

HAPPINESS

   

−0.524

0.684**

0.185***

 
    

(0.548)

(0.319)

(0.0686)

 

Cons

1.636***

−2.044**

−1.131***

40.37***

−18.12***

1.902

6.612**

 

(0.0249)

(0.971)

(0.294)

(8.052)

(5.771)

(1.452)

(2.991)

Obs.

1885

1876

1860

1361

1361

1361

1361

R2

0.517

0.303

0.179

0.144

0.045

0.189

0.128

Weak identification test

F(3, 1298)

5.789

9.262

5.307

6.746

Kleibergen-Paap Wald rk F statistic

Underidentification test

χ2(3)

17.652***

26.120***

16.429***

20.115***

Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistic

F-value of the first stage

BMI

–

14.32***

14.32***

13.72***

Income

9.99***

–

10.66***

10.20***

Health

18.89***

19.41***

–

19.50***

Happiness

13.39***

13.67***

13.75***

–

  1. The coefficients are estimated by OLS. The definition and unit of each variable are presented in Table 2. Regression coefficients are presented in the upper rows. All control variables are included in the estimation, but their estimates are not shown in the table to save space. The recursive system is estimated with OLS, while structural system is estimated with 2SLS using instrumental variables: the average value of each variable (BMI, income, health, and happiness) with the same three attributes of gender, age, and place of present residence. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1
Back to article page

Health Economics Review

ISSN: 2191-1991

Contact us