Table 4 Relationship between COVID-19 spread and poverty in Africa in 2021

Log (Population size)

0.672***

0.623***

0.622***

0.623***

0.630***

0.616***

(0.116)

(0.088)

(0.096)

(0.098)

(0.095)

(0.106)

Log (Population density)

0.049***

0.062

0.054

0.052***

0.036**

0.055

(0.097)

(0.096)

(0.095)

(0.094)

(0.098)

(0.098)

Log (GDP per capita)

0.479

0.498*

0.538**

0.540**

0.541**

0.580**

(0.300)

(0.254)

(0.244)

(0.248)

(0.245)

(0.272)

Log (Official development assistance)

0.137

-0.188*

0.173

0.170

-0.176*

0.182

(0.115)

(0.095)

(0.105)

(0.107)

(0.098)

(0.110)

Log (Health expenditure)

-0.435**

-0.497***

-0.518***

-0.523***

-0.568***

-0.557***

(0.168)

(0.161)

(0.181)

(0.188)

(0.184)

(0.172)

GINI Index

0.042***

0.046***

0.039**

0.037**

0.127

0.035***

(0.013)

(0.015)

(0.014)

(0.014)

(0.078)

(0.012)

Corruption control

-0.201

-0.289**

-0.282

-0.278***

-0.257

-0.318

(0.338)

(0.325)

(0.333)

(0.335)

(0.338)

(0.351)

Government effectiveness

-0.472**

0.556

-0.623

0.637

-0.612*

-0.652*

(0.325)

(0.344)

(0.372)

(0.381)

(0.347)

(0.336)

Average poverty

0.001*

(0.002)

Poverty incidence

0.006**

(0.007)

Poverty depth

0.001***

(0.013)

Poverty severity

0.002*

(0.021)

Multidimensional poverty index

0.053**

(0.045)

Extreme poverty

0.004**

(0.007)

Constant

-8.195***

-7.851***

-7.916***

-7.888***

-10.270**

-8.378***

(2.530)

(2.554)

(2.653)

(2.689)

(3.881)

(2.942)

R²

0.777

0.778

0.775

0.775

0.779

0.777

Chi2

33.280

34.390

33.370

33.160

34.940

35.370

Prob (Chi2)

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

N

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