Table 1 Summary statistics

Variable

Mean

SD^§

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

ACSC hospitalization per 100 visits

7.341

(15.835)

In-hospital deaths per 100 hospitalizations

2.157

(6.993)

ACSC hospitalization per 1,000 population

0.232

(0.256)

In-hospital deaths per 1,000 population

0.006

(0.013)

ACSC hospitalization (= 1 if YES)

0.035

(0.184)

In-hospital death (= 1 if YES)

0.021

(0.143)

Individual characteristics

Mean age

61.696

(5.892)

62.026

(4.855)

61.980

(5.311)

62.102

(4.653)

62.732

(13.944)

60.797

(16.661)

Female

0.754

(0.430)

0.691

(0.462)

Male

0.246

(0.430)

0.309

(0.462)

Gender (F = 1/M = 2)

1.263

(0.136)

1.256

(0.092)

1.260

(0.131)

1.251

(0.087)

Average length of stay

3.006

(3.919)

2.962

(3.530)

4.558

(7.417)

Health Provider characteristics

Public hospital

0.398

(0.490)

0.374

(0.484)

0.422

(0.494)

0.416

(0.493)

Mission hospital

0.356

(0.479)

0.383

(0.486)

0.399

(0.490)

0.446

(0.497)

Private hospital

0.246

(0.430)

0.243

(0.429)

0.179

(0.383)

0.138

(0.345)

Primary hospital

0.871

(0.335)

0.905

(0.293)

0.889

(0.314)

0.899

(0.302)

Secondary hospital

0.083

(0.276)

0.061

(0.240)

0.056

(0.230)

0.068

(0.252)

Teaching hospital

0.045

(0.208)

0.034

(0.181)

0.055

(0.227)

0.033

(0.179)

District Characteristics

Doctors per 10,000 population

2.243

(2.668)

2.152

(2.648)

1.517

(2.112)

1.560

(2.120)

2.510

(2.762)

2.362

(2.774)

Proportion aged 65 over

0.042

(0.011)

0.043

(0.012)

0.044

(0.012)

1.557

(2.117)

Registered Nurses per 10,000

11.601

(10.356)

11.738

(10.443)

10.094

(9.060)

10.373

(9.190)

11.996

(10.649)

12.902

(11.152)

Region characteristics ^¶

Hospital beds per 1,000

0.817

(0.317)

0.831

(0.318)

0.877

(0.321)

0.882

(0.319)

0.861

(0.313)

0.919

(0.297)

Proportion no education

20.377

(17.059)

20.324

(16.676)

21.626

(17.340)

21.381

(16.945)

16.870

(12.422)

20.440

(14.644)

Real per capita Income ('000)

23.146

(20.477)

23.007

(20.608)

19.760

(18.911)

20.436

(19.571)

24.852

(21.334)

21.065

(20.277)

Unemployment rate

8.786

(2.279)

8.676

(2.287)

8.362

(2.235)

8.352

(2.218)

8.538

(2.312)

8.032

(2.181)

Proportion travel time < 30 min

37.016

(9.924)

37.427

(9.836)

37.736

(9.426)

38.164

(9.367)

39.553

(9.374)

39.806

(8.547)

Proportion population insured

41.591

(11.799)

42.004

(11.945)

42.489

(12.194)

42.415

(12.056)

42.146

(12.408)

44.324

(12.944)

Instruments

Metropolitan area status

0.261

(0.439)

0.212

(0.409)

0.100

(0.301)

0.109

(0.312)

0.256

(0.436)

0.181

(0.385)

Presence of medical school

0.215

(0.411)

0.182

(0.386)

0.083

(0.276)

0.090

(0.286)

0.247

(0.432)

0.197

(0.397)

N

2,963

2,486

2,093

1,902

1,681,083

59,253