Table 3 District population level estimates of the effect of doctor-to-population ratio on quality of care
From: Competition and quality of care under regulated fees: evidence from Ghana
Dependent variables: | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ACSC hospitalization per 1,000 population | In-hospital deaths per 1,000 population | |||
OLS | 2SLS | OLS | 2SLS | |
ln(Doctors per 10,000 population) | -0.003 | -0.163** | 0.0002 | -0.004 |
(0.027) | (0.069) | (0.001) | (0.003) | |
ln(Proportion aged 65 and over) | 0.113 | 0.119 | -0.003 | -0.003 |
(0.108) | (0.125) | (0.007) | (0.007) | |
ln(Registered nurse per 10,000 population) | 0.098** | 0.313*** | 0.003 | 0.008** |
(0.038) | (0.12) | (0.002) | (0.004) | |
Mean age | 0.003* | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
(0.002) | (0.002) | (0.000) | (0.000) | |
ln(Hospital beds per 1,000 population) | 3.049** | 3.308** | 0.022 | 0.026 |
(1.265) | (1.582) | (0.053) | (0.051) | |
ln(Proportion no education) | 1.11** | 1.088** | 0.004 | 0.002 |
(0.451) | (0.469) | (0.012) | (0.011) | |
ln(Real per capita income) | 0.724** | 0.761* | 0.002 | 0.002 |
(0.336) | (0.417) | (0.013) | (0.012) | |
ln(Unemployment rate) | 0.697** | 0.598* | -0.004 | -0.007 |
(0.324) | (0.317) | (0.019) | (0.018) | |
Gender | -0.288*** | -0.274*** | -0.007* | -0.006 |
(0.056) | (0.057) | (0.003) | (0.004) | |
ln(Proportion travel time < 30 min) | 2.516*** | 2.795*** | 0.028 | 0.032 |
(0.866) | (0.95) | (0.023) | (0.024) | |
ln(Proportion population insured) | -0.271 | -0.346 | 0.017 | 0.016 |
(0.378) | (0.48) | (0.016) | (0.016) | |
ln(Average length of stay) | - | - | 0.0002 | 0.0001 |
(0.0007) | (0.0006) | |||
Hansen J statistic (p-value) | - | 0.513 (0.47) | - | 2.77 (0.10) |
Weakiv (F statistic) | - | 15.80 | - | 11.52 |
Kleibergen-Paap rk LM (p-value) | - | 5.81 (0.05) | - | 5.08 (0.07) |