Table 4 Individual level estimates of the effect of doctor-to-population ratio on quality of care

OLS

2SLS

OLS

2SLS

ln(Doctors per 10,000 population)

-0.009***

-0.016***

0.0004

-0.016*

(0.002)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.009)

ln(Registered nurses per 10,000

0.014***

0.023***

-0.005

0.015

Population)

(0.003)

(0.006)

(0.008)

(0.012)

Age

0.0004***

0.0007***

0.0003***

0.0003***

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

ln(Hospital beds per 1,000

0.057

0.052

0.103

0.13

population)

(0.118)

(0.125)

(0.131)

(0.13)

ln(Proportion no education)

0.081**

0.072**

0.011

0.000

(0.031)

(0.033)

(0.038)

(0.037)

ln(Real per capita income)

0.005

0.003

0.025

0.031

(0.03)

(0.032)

(0.037)

(0.038)

ln(Unemployment rate)

0.063**

0.057**

-0.025

-0.036

(0.026)

(0.027)

(0.029)

(0.03)

ln(Proportion travel time

0.101

0.093

0.037

0.044

 < 30 min)

(0.091)

(0.091)

(0.066)

(0.064)

Mission hospital

0.003

0.006

-0.006

0.000

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.007)

(0.006)

Private hospital

-0.005

-0.007

0.002

-0.004

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.012)

(0.014)

Male

0.013***

0.013***

0.01***

0.01***

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

Secondary hospital

0.014***

.017***

.059**

.065**

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.025)

(0.027)

Tertiary hospital

-.01

-0.005

-0.003

0.001

(0.015)

(0.016)

(0.01)

(0.01)

ln(Proportion population insured)

0.002

0.004

0.024

0.021

(0.033)

(0.036)

(0.045)

(0.048)

ln(Average length of stay)

0.004

0.004

(0.003)

(0.003)

Hansen J statistic (p-value)

-

0.001 (0.97)

-

5.26 (0.02)

Weakiv (F statistic)

-

21.21

-

35.04

Kleibergen-Paap rk LM (p-value)

-

5.07 (0.07)

-

5.23 (0.07)