Author | Basis of analysis | Inputs and outputs / main findings |
---|---|---|
Taube 1988 | 613 German hospitals | Outputs: patients in different departments Inputs: Costs |
Helmig 2005 | 418 German hospitals | Inputs: Number of beds, treatment cases per year, sponsorship |
Dittrich et al. 2005 | 105 Saxon and 251 Swiss hospitals | Inputs: Number of staff, costs, days of care Main findings: Swiss hospitals are less efficient than German hospitals |
Staat 2006 | 160 German hospitals | Inputs: daily rates, number of beds Outputs: Treatment cases per year, length of stay |
Frohloff 2007 | 1500 German general hospitals | Inputs: e.g., ownership Main findings: private and non-profit hospitals are on average less efficient than public hospitals |
Herr 2008 | 1500 German hospitals (Data from the years 2000 to 2003) | Inputs: Number of beds, treatment cases per year, sponsorship Main findings: private and non-profit hospitals are less cost-effective and technically less efficient than publicly owned hospitals |
Herr et al. 2009 | 374 German hospitals (Data from the years 2002 to 2005) | Inputs: Number of beds, treatment cases per year, ownership Main findings: private (for-profit) and (private) non-profit hospitals are less cost-efficient but more profitable than publicly owned hospitals |
Tiemann und Schreyögg 2009 | 1046 German hospitals | Main findings: Public hospitals performed significantly better than their private for-profit and non-profit counterparts. A significant positive association between hospital size and efficiency is shown |
Augurzky und Schmitz 2010 | 1865 German general hospitals (Data from the years 2003 to 2008) | Inputs: Staff (physicians, nurses, other staff) and material costs Outputs: Number of cases weighted with level of severity Main findings: Average efficiency increased slightly between 2003 and 2008. However, hospitals are on average 3% points more inefficient than the top 10% hospitals. But there are notable differences at the state level |
Herwartz und Strumann 2011 | 1500 German general hospitals | Inputs: Material costs, personnel, number of beds Outputs: Treatment cases per year, number of trainees Main findings: Improvement of overall efficiency after DRG introduction |
Herr et al. 2011 | 541 German hospitals | Main findings: Higher profit efficiency of private hospitals compared to public hospitals—but differences in cost efficiency |
Tiemann und Schreyögg 2011 | 1878 German acute hospitals | Main findings: Conversion from public to private ownership resulted in increased efficiency |
Lindlbauer und Schreyögg 2014 | 1239 acute care German hospitals (Data from the years 2000 to 2010) | Inputs: Number of staff (physicians, nurses, other staff) and number of beds Output: Weighted cases Main findings: Efficiency is negatively associated with case-mix specialization, and positively with medical specialization |
Lindlbauer et al. 2016b | 225 German Public law hospitals (Data from the years 2002 to 2010) | Inputs: Number of staff (physicians, nurses, other clinical staff, administrative staff, other nonclinical staff) and cost of medical supplies Output: Weighted cases Main findings: The results of the difference-in-difference regressions indicate that corporatization has a positive effect on efficiency |
Lindlbauer et al. 2016a | 830 acute care German hospitals (with or without quality certification) (Data from the years 2000 to 2010) | Inputs: Number of staff (physicians, nurses, other clinical staff, administrative staff, other nonclinical staff) and number of beds Output: the number of treated inpatient cases (weighted cases) Main findings: The national standard KTQ has significant positive effects on efficiency. The international standard ISO 9001 has a significant negative impact on efficiency |
Karmann and Rösel 2016 | State-level aggregates of the 16 states (Bundesländer) (Data from the years 1993 to 2013) | Inputs: physicians, nurses, and other staff Outputs: number of discharges, a quality index, and the quality-adjusted number of discharges Main findings: The influence of policy decisions on TFP growth is higher in quality improvement than in increases in input or input amounts. However, hospital policy also depends strongly on the respective reimbursement schemes |
Pross et al. 2018 | 1100 stroke treating German acute care hospitals (Data from the years 2006 to 2013) | Inputs: Resource inputs (physicians and nurses) Outputs: Risk-adjusted patient volume (stroke-unit) Main findings: A conflict of objections is shown between quality improvement and resource reduction. Also, high substantial regional variation in efficiency |
Schneider et al. 2020 | Emergency cases of 1428 German acute care hospitals (Data from the years 2015 to 2017) | Inputs: Number of nurses and physicians, number of beds Outputs: In- and outpatient cases Main findings: A negative relationship between the urgency score and hospital efficiency is proven. Either a high or low overall urgency score is beneficial. The results indicate that with the medical urgency score hospitals’ efficiency is decreasing |