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Table 1 Level OLS and quantile regressions on global health security index, N = 390

From: The level of countries’ preparedness to health risks during Covid-19 and pre-pandemic: the differential response to health systems building blocks and socioeconomic indicators

  

Quantile regression (GHS index)

VARIABLES

OLS

10th Percentile

25th Percentile

50th Percentile

75th Percentile

90th Percentile

Year (Pre-pandemic, 2019 = reference)

 Pandemic (2021)

−2.910***

−3.633***

− 3.557***

− 2.596***

−1.953**

− 1.715*

(0.734)

(1.383)

(0.945)

(0.801)

(0.884)

(0.995)

 Doctors per 1000 persons

0.00562

−0.0189

0.0213

0.0527

0.0401

− 0.0244

(0.0325)

(0.0825)

(0.0404)

(0.0655)

(0.0424)

(0.0427)

 Nurses per 1000 persons

0.0248

0.0102

0.00879

0.0439

0.0514

−0.0109

(0.0357)

(0.113)

(0.0398)

(0.0522)

(0.0583)

(0.0393)

 Beds per 1000 persons

−0.0342

−0.0119

− 0.000324

−0.0734*

− 0.0774

0.0114

(0.0327)

(0.121)

(0.0396)

(0.0435)

(0.0530)

(0.0409)

 Supply chain capacity

0.231***

0.170***

0.230***

0.193***

0.268***

0.275***

(0.0203)

(0.0332)

(0.0265)

(0.0262)

(0.0360)

(0.0279)

 Govt health spending % public spending

0.0900***

0.0932

0.105***

0.109**

0.109***

0.0848***

(0.0294)

(0.0829)

(0.0353)

(0.0425)

(0.0348)

(0.0251)

 Governance effectiveness

0.138***

0.142***

0.1000***

0.116***

0.133***

0.214***

(0.0281)

(0.0452)

(0.0345)

(0.0335)

(0.0416)

(0.0377)

 Communication infrastructure capacity

0.0549*

0.0576

0.0942**

0.0719**

−0.0135

−0.000723

(0.3090)

(0.0649)

(0.0419)

(0.0351)

(0.0550)

(0.0355)

 Human development index (HDI)

4.821**

2.740

3.137

6.715**

5.849

3.783

(2.068)

(4.462)

(2.454)

(2.709)

(4.355)

(4.261)

 Social development goals (SDGs)

0.147***

0.119***

0.111***

0.127***

0.143***

0.166***

(0.0190)

(0.0415)

(0.0224)

(0.0209)

(0.0229)

(0.0229)

World Bank Development level (Low-income = reference)

 High-income

−0.512

−1.808

−2.286*

−2.273*

0.759

1.868

(1.020)

(1.490)

(1.224)

(1.259)

(1.395)

(1.940)

 Constant

11.52***

9.306***

10.14***

11.92***

17.18***

17.41***

(1.600)

(3.109)

(1.997)

(2.168)

(2.924)

(1.620)

 Observations

390

390

390

390

390

390

 R-squared

0.779

0.768

0.771

0.772

0.772

0.769

  1. Standard errors in parentheses; *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1